tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7599022797874901542024-03-13T07:10:55.504-07:00Health TechnologiesDiscover The PossibilitiesAurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.comBlogger131125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-5914755203061028802024-01-11T17:17:00.000-08:002024-01-12T06:30:24.310-08:00Smart Homes Redefined<p>The concept of a smart home has evolved significantly, with technologies now focusing on health monitoring. The integration of advanced sensors and devices into our living spaces promises not only convenience but also proactive health management. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2lhX6KgfxgmVmNdd4F34IT2V8ET6lXp_8xpfUobrBgP5oLGI8tswR_uEaHz8m-APOPVyL7piJqoCMVOvDmywFamHsWnjs1GkC7ahPN98QwAnTeLN8gOvo8v2gn4pi5FzKVUedSr6KlXy58Ww7sVDmc5tQFspI2wUqC78eStRx5AMWfgiauqARUR5BVzIE/s720/smart-home.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2lhX6KgfxgmVmNdd4F34IT2V8ET6lXp_8xpfUobrBgP5oLGI8tswR_uEaHz8m-APOPVyL7piJqoCMVOvDmywFamHsWnjs1GkC7ahPN98QwAnTeLN8gOvo8v2gn4pi5FzKVUedSr6KlXy58Ww7sVDmc5tQFspI2wUqC78eStRx5AMWfgiauqARUR5BVzIE/s320/smart-home.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>While sensors placed throughout the home can detect air and water contaminants, allergens, and pollutants, high-resolution cameras and microphones and other non-contact measurement devices could allow health monitoring and remote consultations with healthcare professionals. </p><p><a href="https://aurametrix.blogspot.com/2012/09/mirror-mirror-on-wall-am-i-healthy.html">Smart mirrors</a> in bathrooms should transcend mere reflective surfaces. Enhanced with advanced computer vision capabilities, they could assess skin conditions, identify changes in appearance, and offer personalized health and beauty recommendations. They could also analyze the eyes for early signs of various health conditions, extending far beyond mere glaucoma and cataract detection. The eyes can unveil valuable information about cholesterol levels, liver conditions, and diabetes. Eye monitoring technology is a testament to the saying, "The eye is the window to the soul," extending its truth to health monitoring.</p><p>Ambient sensors equipped with radar technology in living rooms and bedrooms can continuously monitor vital signs like pulse rates. This non-intrusive monitoring could provide a seamless health tracking experience for residents.</p><p>Recent advancements include the use of mmWave radar sensors for continuous monitoring of human activity. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/268">Recently built system</a>, utilizing an NVIDIA Jetson Nano board for real-time processing and a Texas Instruments Millimeter-Wave Radar Sensor, offers a non-intrusive and privacy-respecting way to monitor activities like sitting, walking, standing, and even detecting falls. This radar technology poses a challenge due to the high-dimensional point cloud data it generates. The PointNet neural network is developed to process this data efficiently, preserving spatial relationships and offering accurate activity classification. </p><p>The traditional method of measuring SpO2 involves contact sensors, which can be inconvenient for prolonged use. New techniques for contactless SpO2 measurement using different light wavelengths in video images are being developed. This approach promises a more comfortable and accessible way to monitor oxygen saturation levels, especially crucial in the wake of health crises like COVID-19.</p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of non-intrusive health monitoring, especially for elderly individuals. The development of a Multi-scaled Long Short Term Memory (Ms-LSTM) model, as part of a smart toilet system, represents a significant step in this direction. This model enables effective home-based health diagnostics through urine analysis, leveraging the IoT-Fog-Cloud paradigm. It's a particularly vital tool for early detection of potential viral infections, including COVID-19, in the elderly. The Ms-LSTM model integrates a four-layered architecture including data acquisition, fog layer (processing and analyzing the data locally) , cloud (for deeper analysis) and interface layer. The proposed system offers a non-invasive, efficient method for early disease detection and preventive health. </p><p>The integration of health monitoring technologies into smart homes is transforming how we approach personal health. From environmental sensors to advanced radar and neural networks, these innovations promise a future where health management is seamlessly woven into our daily lives. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even more sophisticated health monitoring solutions to emerge, making proactive health care a tangible reality in the comfort of our homes. </p><p><br /></p><div>REFERENCES</div><div><br /></div><div>Alhazmi AK, Alanazi MA, Alshehry AH, Alshahry SM, Jaszek J, Djukic C, Brown A, Jackson K, Chodavarapu VP. Intelligent Millimeter-Wave System for Human Activity Monitoring for Telemedicine. Sensors (Basel). 2024 Jan 2;24(1):268. doi: 10.3390/s24010268. PMID: 38203130.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sasaki S, Sugita N, Terai T, Yoshizawa M. Non-Contact Measurement of Blood Oxygen Saturation Using Facial Video Without Reference Values. IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med. 2023 Sep 25;12:76-83. doi: 10.1109/JTEHM.2023.3318643. PMID: 38088997; PMCID: PMC10712673.</div><div><br /></div><div>Kumar D, Sood SK, Rawat KS. Empowering elderly care with intelligent IoT-Driven smart toilets for home-based infectious health monitoring. Artif Intell Med. 2023 Oct;144:102666. doi: 10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102666. Epub 2023 Sep 20. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37783534/">37783534</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Fatima H, Imran MA, Taha A, Mohjazi L. Internet of Mirrors for Connected Healthcare and Beauty: A Prospective Vision. <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.14734.pdf">arXiv preprint</a> arXiv:2311.14734. 2023 Nov 21.</div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-59077575767677458242023-09-15T17:12:00.005-07:002023-09-16T11:18:51.590-07:00The Inverse Vaccine's Crusade Against Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases<p>In the human body, there are many diverse communities working together to protect and nourish their beloved realm. The humblest among them are the Peasant Microbes from our microbiome, the first line of defense, always ready to shield their territory from the nefarious invaders keen on causing havoc.</p><p>And then there is the skin - the high stone walls of the castle, which act as a barrier to prevent the invaders from entering. These walls are fortified with various defensive structures like water barriers and parapets, representing the different layers of the immune system that use various methods to deter the assault of pathogens. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-FZDU3hWfuJyBx3Mj8G3_ZZFCKmZISnSL059kR3Hdgdvsp4EXJzNKZWlVM_9JNxT9Puq1FvooG6bSuu4cAw5EfJO4L1Mst8HAzXTbdXIpzm-Uf4un9T9gYjZlNSfZTz32EPEYPbEuEm0b_4Nbk-BEmxuBn0rhGz3A8ZyDCayO60o3akUPJEPyZ5D3vPMb/s677/revv.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="677" data-original-width="677" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-FZDU3hWfuJyBx3Mj8G3_ZZFCKmZISnSL059kR3Hdgdvsp4EXJzNKZWlVM_9JNxT9Puq1FvooG6bSuu4cAw5EfJO4L1Mst8HAzXTbdXIpzm-Uf4un9T9gYjZlNSfZTz32EPEYPbEuEm0b_4Nbk-BEmxuBn0rhGz3A8ZyDCayO60o3akUPJEPyZ5D3vPMb/s320/revv.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>Then, we have the Jedi Masters of the immune system, the T cells. These are seasoned warriors, adept in distinguishing friend from foe. They patrol our body, teaching the younger warriors the art of recognizing and defeating the intruders. They hold the precious memories of past battles, ensuring that future attacks can be fended off swiftly and efficiently.</p><p>However, there came a time when these warriors could no longer tell friend from foe, leading them to attack the very thing they were sworn to protect - the Myelin, a protective sheath that covered the nerves of the kingdom, the pathways that communicated messages throughout the land. This tragedy unfolded as a vicious disease, making the residents suffer from weakness, numbness, and the loss of vital functionalities.</p><p>In the midst of this crisis, the magical "Inverse Vaccine" was proposed, which promised to restore peace and harmony in the land.</p><p>This Inverse Vaccine was a gentle teacher invoking mechanisms of immune tolerance. Through the utilization of a special sugar called N-acetylgalactosamine or pGal, it marked molecules with "do not attack" flags, mimicking the peaceful liver’s natural process of marking aged cells as friends, not foes. These molecules were sent to the great Liver School, where the T cell warriors were educated to differentiate between the true invaders and the kingdom's loyal citizens.</p><p>The T cells, now wise and compassionate, ceased their attack on the loyal myelin. This allowed the nerves to flourish once again, reviving the kingdom to its original glory, where each component worked in unison, guarding their territory while nurturing their community, promising a future of health and prosperity.</p><p>REFERENCE</p><p>Tremain, A.C., Wallace, R.P., Lorentz, K.M. et al. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-023-01086-2">Synthetically glycosylated antigens for the antigen-specific suppression of established immune responses</a>. Nat. Biomed. Eng 7, 1142–1155 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-023-01086-2</p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-70821105831148414972023-07-24T12:56:00.008-07:002023-07-31T10:35:37.445-07:00The Past, Present, and Future of AI-Powered Medicine<p>In this era of rapidly advancing technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is spearheading transformative changes, particularly within the healthcare sector. A prime example is ChatGPT, a game-changer that is fast becoming an influential player in the biomedical field. Its potential to catalyze innovation and revolutionize medical research is profound. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3RrVnYyXMfjrBqRG7BBkGfmcLjPUDfsO2XwD7Xu0zFmKucfaHaOUeovNVOO8c7jg-BfdQjn87IP0ie7sjw5igNTAjodX6tXizBHQBm6F9UeKeY_ov1209J4NWW1CDnetQHxX9H9jJGB3r08Wk8tYD3vz22tFnNJvd_UHA9Np6Yp5sWca51ZbN7kJ8227b/s874/AIblogJuly24.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="874" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3RrVnYyXMfjrBqRG7BBkGfmcLjPUDfsO2XwD7Xu0zFmKucfaHaOUeovNVOO8c7jg-BfdQjn87IP0ie7sjw5igNTAjodX6tXizBHQBm6F9UeKeY_ov1209J4NWW1CDnetQHxX9H9jJGB3r08Wk8tYD3vz22tFnNJvd_UHA9Np6Yp5sWca51ZbN7kJ8227b/s320/AIblogJuly24.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>A <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.23292672v1">MedrXiv paper posted today</a> is a systematic review of AI in biomedical literature. The scope of this review is broad, encompassing preprints, peer-reviewed articles, case reports, patents, clinical trials, and even FDA approvals. The paper talks about impact of AI, including ChatGPT, across all medical specialties and subsets of publications, finding overrepresented domains within each subset, highlighting potential research gaps, biases, or areas of excessive focus. </p><p>The pace at which the biomedical literature is growing is staggering, with two new papers being added every minute, around the clock. The MedrXiv paper also brings to light the limitations of current medical publishing models. </p><p>The human author collaborated with ChatGPT, Bing, Claude, and Bard, and used SciSpace Copilot to review hundreds of systematic reviews and thousands of unique records across various databases. It aimed to comprehensively map out past achievements, current developments, and potential future directions in AI-based medical research. The paper represents the latest brainchild of an open science collaboration project, which welcomes participation from others at <a href="https://osf.io/87u6q/">https://osf.io/87u6q/</a>. </p><p>The study reveals that as ChatGPT matures, it's finding applications across diverse medical specialties demanding cross-disciplinary collaboration. A fascinating trend shows a transition from theoretical to clinical applications in the AI literature, mirroring developments within the ChatGPT space.</p><p>Despite challenges such as ensuring the quality of training data and managing ethical concerns, ChatGPT is fostering the adoption of AI tools within medical areas that have been historically underrepresented in AI application.</p><p>If you have an interest in the future of medicine and the role AI technologies like ChatGPT play in shaping it, check out this project. It offers a compelling glimpse into what the future of healthcare might look like. </p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p>Gabashvili I.S. Artificial Intelligence in Biomedicine: Systematic Review. medRxiv 2023.07.23.23292672; doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.07.23.23292672">https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.07.23.23292672</a></p><p>Gabashvili I.S. The impact and applications of ChatGPT: a systematic review of literature reviews. arXiv:2305.18086 [cs.CY] <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.18086">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.18086</a></p><p>Gabashvili IS. ChatGPT in Dermatology: A Comprehensive Systematic Review JMIR Preprints. 02/06/2023:48979. medRxiv 2023.06.11.23291252; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.11.23291252">https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.11.23291252</a></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-71929502079045101592023-06-13T08:15:00.009-07:002023-06-15T06:46:52.542-07:00Transforming Dermatology<p>Artificial intelligence has witnessed a rapid surge in the adoption of language models, with transformer-based pretrained language models (T-PLMs) playing a prominent role. <a href="https://mr-nlp.github.io/posts/2021/05/transformer-based-biomedical-pretrained-language-models-list/">These T-PLMs</a>, such as BioBERT, MEP & Bioformer (BERT), Chatdoctor (LLaMA), OPAL & MedDialogue (BART), BioGPT and MedGPT (GPT 2), have revolutionized natural language processing in the biomedical research community, offering tailored performance for specific applications. Among these models, ChatGPT stands out due to its versatility, flexibility, and accessibility, making it widely applicable across various domains, including dermatology.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJoJ5wt-R4r42DwVtLTZotaQ7buVt0XBfG-n3t0KwPHFpe6yzucI5uku5mVjjl7YDwYV7ZZstGsasIXt_xiL-ZFBURcYlHtaYe727EcSShdI77swAZgUbMQK7Fj4PAqRMWZlTq6W7fbSrZCXulFs85VbPbkyAaZ0XEq8YqKbnrEPtPHTrutFYUXKQALw/s1021/DErm-blog.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1021" data-original-width="970" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJoJ5wt-R4r42DwVtLTZotaQ7buVt0XBfG-n3t0KwPHFpe6yzucI5uku5mVjjl7YDwYV7ZZstGsasIXt_xiL-ZFBURcYlHtaYe727EcSShdI77swAZgUbMQK7Fj4PAqRMWZlTq6W7fbSrZCXulFs85VbPbkyAaZ0XEq8YqKbnrEPtPHTrutFYUXKQALw/w190-h200/DErm-blog.png" width="190" /></a></div><p></p><p>The fact that ChatGPT may be used by everyone, as opposed to models that can only be used by specialized developers and researchers, is one of its main advantages. This accessibility has paved the way for new possibilities in the field. By integrating clinical knowledge with interactive conversation, new generation of language models has the potential to transform all biomedical fields.</p><p>A recently posted preprint, <a href="https://preprints.jmir.org/ojs/index.php/preprints/preprint/48979">open to peer review</a> till July 8, focuses on the utilization of ChatGPT in dermatology. However, the study's conclusions have implications beyond dermatology and are relevant to other biomedical disciplines as well. Unlike previous reviews, this study goes further than performance evaluation by analyzing the actual utilization and real-world applications of ChatGPT in dermatology-related areas. By examining its practical use, the study offers valuable insights into the potential impact of ChatGPT in the broader biomedical research community. </p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCE: </p><p>Gabashvili IS. ChatGPT in Dermatology: A Comprehensive Systematic Review JMIR Preprints. <a href="https://preprints.jmir.org/ojs/index.php/preprints/preprint/48979">02/06/2023:48979</a>. medRxiv 2023.06.11.23291252; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.11.23291252">https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.11.23291252</a> </p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-40567796008725380712023-05-30T10:01:00.014-07:002023-06-03T12:15:04.120-07:00Accelerating Knowledge Innovation: Systematic Review of Reviews on ChatGPT<p>In the beginning was the Word. It was used in the creation of all other things - from thoughts to stories and histories. However, as the amount of information available grew overwhelming, it became challenging to process and make sense of it all. Early academic reformers introduced the idea of reviews and digests to help navigate this sea of information. But it wasn't until the 1970s that systematic reviews gained popularity, starting in the field of medical research.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSWJ7E-q6Zy1S4OCW7NfGBihvmJBioAhK_uN5kjmNgu1O-IsWUrHhcAL5T06E03SIKtbFLNk3kH0X_q55T-z6LAgWrtZr1ARy1Wa6l8hR5zP_70HFvfbF39jFLGqrrpFaSZPKJEq6BvgYEI-NKXbDMIp1c3f4e-fojNeTXZdgT3I2rztHYtJCCuVuYtA/s698/ChatGPTReview.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="698" data-original-width="698" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSWJ7E-q6Zy1S4OCW7NfGBihvmJBioAhK_uN5kjmNgu1O-IsWUrHhcAL5T06E03SIKtbFLNk3kH0X_q55T-z6LAgWrtZr1ARy1Wa6l8hR5zP_70HFvfbF39jFLGqrrpFaSZPKJEq6BvgYEI-NKXbDMIp1c3f4e-fojNeTXZdgT3I2rztHYtJCCuVuYtA/s320/ChatGPTReview.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">created by Author with ChatGPT, Bing Image Creator & Photoshop</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p></p><p>Reviews play a crucial role in consolidating a vast array of studies and publications, allowing researchers to weave together the threads of evidence and create a cohesive and informative narrative. However, traditional review processes often require substantial time and the collaboration of multiple researchers to reach a consensus. With the rise of generative AI based on large language models, the power of words can be harnessed to streamline the systematic review process, unlocking new possibilities for learning and knowledge acquisition. By leveraging the capabilities of ChatGPT, researchers can potentially accelerate the production of high-quality reviews, facilitating the dissemination of insights and advancements in various fields of study.</p><p>The use of ChatGPT in conducting a <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18086">systematic review of reviews on ChatGPT</a> itself demonstrates the potential for accelerating the production of high-quality reviews in a timely manner. </p><p>While systematic reviews are considered to be the gold standard in knowledge synthesis, they usually require between <a href="https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2046-4053-1-10/tables/1">6 months and 2 years</a> to complete and often have a narrow focus. While the methodological shortcuts allow <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.09.041">rapid reviews</a> (first mentioned in the literature <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb020865/full/html">in 1997</a>) to be conducted in less time and with fewer resources, they also increase the likelihood of introducing bias into the review process and missing important information from grey literature (i.e., preprint servers). </p><p>In 2020, full systematic review <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S089543561930719X">was completed by a team of 6 in 2 weeks</a> using automation tools. The most time-consuming tasks were data extraction, write-up, abstract screening, full-text screening, and risk of bias. 4 out of the 6 people on the team were experienced systematic reviewers with complementary skills (three experts in two domains required for the review and one information specialist). </p><p>In 2023, ChatGPT and I were able to complete the review of reviews in one week. We screened 7 large resources of papers, including grey literature and reviewed primary studies in Chinese, German, Indonesian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish, in addition to English. </p><p>ChatGPT helped me to filter relevant literature in all languages, extract key information, summarize findings, and even assisted with the synthesis of the overall review, enabling a more efficient and comprehensive analysis.</p><p>Our paper illustrates that ChatGPT is expanding into different domains and highlights the need to continually refine and expand the training datasets, ensuring that they are diverse and accurate. Another area of improvement involves developing customized integrations, designing specialized prompt instructions and involvement of domain-specific expert trainers, factual correctness evaluation, and investigation of societal impact. </p><p>Word by word, paper by paper, and review by review, ChatGPT is paving the way for a future where knowledge creation is accelerated, insights are amplified, and breakthroughs are within closer reach.</p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCE</p><p>Gabashvili I.S. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18086">The impact and applications of ChatGPT: a systematic review of literature reviews</a>. S<span style="white-space: pre;">ubmitted on May 8, 2023. </span>arXiv:2305.18086 [cs.CY]. <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.18086" style="font-family: "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.95em; text-decoration-line: none;">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.18086</a></p><table style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.312px;" summary="Additional metadata"><tbody></tbody></table>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-88123420814065516602023-05-09T14:57:00.006-07:002023-05-10T05:31:31.418-07:00Depression AI<p><span face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;">Wearable AI is a promising tool for depression detection and prediction although it is in its infancy and not yet ready for use in clinical practice - as concluded in a <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00828-5">recent review</a>. AI can be also used </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370543260_EXPLORING_THE_PSYCHOLOGICAL_IMPLICATIONS_OF_CHATGPTA_QUALITATIVE_STUDY" style="font-size: 18px;">therapeutically</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;">. </span></p><p><span face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;">Research has shown that interacting with technology, such as chatbots, can lead to feelings of social connection and companionship, which can have both positive and negative effects on mental well-being. Chatbots have become increasingly popular in mental health domain because of their impact on social interactions and the ability to form and maintain meaningful relationships. They are effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression, although there is always a risk that they may exacerbate mental health issues. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoJ3s4uHvC0r9OyDaeEwqEsAjjZhK-YHRJEqvXE2DnHjfLtc96dKgo-dr5NWnRRT1pckTiTwXJS67RcYaT7MciuwKDsFpdFutd4TI9tXztJT9-3KbR_OTcoAfZdZYkoYZN4IdkYAxDtVjqy9zetWSTcuWC6IgcnNWWiStyDgLrWHmJDFc75pgIbF0lJg/s1024/wearableAI.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoJ3s4uHvC0r9OyDaeEwqEsAjjZhK-YHRJEqvXE2DnHjfLtc96dKgo-dr5NWnRRT1pckTiTwXJS67RcYaT7MciuwKDsFpdFutd4TI9tXztJT9-3KbR_OTcoAfZdZYkoYZN4IdkYAxDtVjqy9zetWSTcuWC6IgcnNWWiStyDgLrWHmJDFc75pgIbF0lJg/s320/wearableAI.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;">One of the main benefits of chatbots is their ability to provide low-cost and easily accessible mental health counseling. </span><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15727" style="font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT studies</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;"> show that its potential for depression detection and </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370543260_EXPLORING_THE_PSYCHOLOGICAL_IMPLICATIONS_OF_CHATGPTA_QUALITATIVE_STUDY" style="font-size: 18px;">treatment</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;"> should be further explored, while addressing the challenges and ethical considerations. ChatGPT </span><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.03347v1" style="font-size: 18px;">outperforms traditional neural network</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;"> methods but still has a significant gap with advanced task-specific methods. </span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: #222222;">In the US, </span></span><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15727" style="font-size: 18px;">one in five individuals</a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: #222222;"> is affected by mental health issues each year, with recreational cannabis use </span></span><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2804450" style="font-size: 18px;">increasing the risk</a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: #222222;">. Intelligent wearables utilize over 30 types of data to predict depression, with physical activity, sleep, heart rate, and mental health measures being the most commonly used. The </span></span><a href="https://datasets.simula.no/depresjon/" style="font-size: 18px;">Depresjon</a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: #222222;"> dataset (</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;">motor activity recordings of 23 unipolar and bipolar depressed patients and 32 healthy controls</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;">) is most popular among researchers.</span></p><p><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 18px;">Previous systematic reviews have shown that AI has better performance in detecting patients without depression than those with depression, but the </span></span><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00828-5" style="font-size: 18px;">review</a><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"> published last week shows slightly higher sensitivity and specificity - based on data from wearable devices. It is recommended that tech companies develop wearable devices that can detect and predict depression in real-time. Neuroimaging data in addition to wearable devices would provide even higher diagnostic performance.</span></span></p><p><span face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;">With the increasing popularity of IoT and AI, they will likely become an integral </span><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10112541" style="font-size: 18px;">part of our lives</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;">. </span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"> It may soon become a useful tool in clinical practice.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></p><p><span face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 18px;">REFERENCES</span></span></p><p><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="background-color: white;">Abd-Alrazaq A, AlSaad R, Shuweihdi F, Ahmed A, Aziz S, Sheikh J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of performance of wearable artificial intelligence in detecting and predicting depression. NPJ Digit Med. 2023 May 5;6(1):84. doi: 10.1038/s41746-023-00828-5. PMID: 37147384.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="background-color: white;">Garcia-Ceja E, Riegler M, Jakobsen P, Tørresen J, Nordgreen T, Oedegaard KJ, Fasmer OB. Depresjon: a motor activity database of depression episodes in unipolar and bipolar patients. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM multimedia systems conference 2018 Jun 12 (pp. 472-477).</span></span></p><p><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="background-color: white;">Lamichhane B. Evaluation of ChatGPT for NLP-based Mental Health Applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.15727. 2023 Mar 28. </span></span></p><p><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="background-color: white;">Yang K, Ji S, Zhang T, Xie Q, Ananiadou S. On the Evaluations of ChatGPT and Emotion-enhanced Prompting for Mental Health Analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.03347. 2023 Apr 6.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="background-color: white;">Dana RA, Gavril RA. Exploring the psychological implications of ChatGPT: a qualitative study. Journal Plus Education. 2023 May 1;32(1):43-55.</span></span></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-90016377974855465182023-04-01T14:04:00.009-07:002023-04-02T14:51:48.363-07:00From Laughs to Inspiration: April Fool's 2023<p><a href="https://www.aurametrix.com/Blog/April2023.html">April Fool's jokes</a> provide us with a unique opportunity to exercise our imagination and step out of our everyday reality. Though some of these jokes may never come to fruition while others might, they allow us to envision a slightly different world and have a good laugh.</p><p>This year, we can even laugh together with AI. Let's start from ChatGPT's ideas for April Fool's products: </p><p>"Microsoft Office for Dogs" - a suite of productivity tools designed specifically for dogs, including "Excel for Fetching," "Word for Barking," and "PowerPoint for Begging." </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCKJayCJPnDIiULSNnmdy_JVHMQpuvyUrF6R4l92BlYMvjR_iG6bjJPXQ1Vu8Emh45S2VSVTG2JQbCcBVDURkxwZtE7bVxCrbWnyEkU9Co1lLJg6edVb7Gs0ozSHeF9vrw8MbsabhkhgK-ju5tvBY0bVgRcHNqxUUNbP8iRHA7WR2TTwriEe1iDDscUQ/s1024/dog-powerpoint.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCKJayCJPnDIiULSNnmdy_JVHMQpuvyUrF6R4l92BlYMvjR_iG6bjJPXQ1Vu8Emh45S2VSVTG2JQbCcBVDURkxwZtE7bVxCrbWnyEkU9Co1lLJg6edVb7Gs0ozSHeF9vrw8MbsabhkhgK-ju5tvBY0bVgRcHNqxUUNbP8iRHA7WR2TTwriEe1iDDscUQ/w200-h200/dog-powerpoint.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><p>"Jambé Pong" - A game that combines the musical elements of the Jambé with the classic game of beer pong. The Jambé Pong set comes with a special set of Jambé balls that you use to play the game, and every time you sink a ball, the Jambé plays a different sound effect.</p><p>Bing suggests more products: </p><p>Apple iFridge: A smart fridge that only stores items made by Apple.</p><p>Google Gulp: A drink that claims to optimize your use of the Google search engine by increasing your intelligence.</p><p>Here is another product described for google by you.com: </p><p>Google: GooGoo Glasses, smart glasses that automatically detect when you've had too much sugar and remind you to eat healthier snacks.</p><p>You.com also mentioned the following offerings from other tech companies:</p><p>Twitter: TwitHire, a service that helps you find the perfect candidate for your startup by analyzing their tweets for the right combination of wit, humor, and experience.</p><p>Netflix: NetFix, a feature that automatically skips to the happy ending of all sad movies, sparing you from the emotional trauma.</p><p>Dropbox: DropZone, a cloud storage service that uses drones to deliver your files directly to your desktop.</p><p>Perplexity.ai offered Facebook Friend Insurance: Worried about losing a friend on Facebook? With Facebook Friend Insurance, you can protect your friendships from unfriending, blocking, or even ghosting. Get peace of mind knowing your friendships are secure.</p><p>Google has had many great April Fool's announcements over the years. One of the best was in 2014 - a new service called "<a href="https://archive.google.com/nose/">Google Nose</a>" allowing users to smell things online. When asked about possible upgrades to this product, Bard mentioned the ability to create custom smells specific to users' interests and the ability to share them and use smells to communicate with each other. </p><p>Bard also described a new feature for Gmail that would allow users to send emails to people at any date in the past. The feature, called "Time Travel," was said to be powered by artificial intelligence.</p><p>Bard also announced a new vaccine that would protect people from getting sick from April Fools' Day jokes. It will be manufactured by Pfizer, Moderna and J&J.</p><p>While AI-suggested April Fool's products are creative and amusing, the real announcements made today by companies, though not involving cutting-edge technology, were just as funny and witty.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaZic6aBl5-ftyKU_88RN9sqbPoVv-l6BnU1jCHzyB4lA08gMkU838gHB-0ak98E4J5dpvUtiVN5F2adsA5iKVv8QgGw0T9b8mFNJ82slv2iOLMBs56CTMEFzylDMcfl-6DfaBasdly0YzBZFxu3k_CKvKYyNB096hMKtquSLl86cX4PlXDy3PfGMv6Q/s1628/McDon1.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="934" data-original-width="1628" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaZic6aBl5-ftyKU_88RN9sqbPoVv-l6BnU1jCHzyB4lA08gMkU838gHB-0ak98E4J5dpvUtiVN5F2adsA5iKVv8QgGw0T9b8mFNJ82slv2iOLMBs56CTMEFzylDMcfl-6DfaBasdly0YzBZFxu3k_CKvKYyNB096hMKtquSLl86cX4PlXDy3PfGMv6Q/w200-h115/McDon1.png" width="200" /></a></div><p>When they were released in the 1980s, Chicken McNuggets genuinely revolutionized the way all fast restaurant chicken was served, making them the industry's living legend. The Big McNugget Boot, a new seasonal must-have item from McDonald's, is based on one of their most well-liked products. The <a href="https://twitter.com/McDonaldsUK/status/1642059986980286466/photo/2">April 1 2023 tweet</a> from the company said "Calling all fashionista. We’ve got the must have drop of the season. Unveiling the Big McNugget Boot, the most flavoursome shoe of SS23. Releasing exclusively through the McDonald’s App this Monday." Pizza Hut meanwhile was already selling their April 1st product - <a href="https://i.redd.it/v8v0a4b7bbra1.jpg">zero-harm pizza</a> consisting only of a crust. Domino's Pizza announced that it was launching a new pizza that was made with real cheese from cows that had been fed pizza crust. The pizza, called the "Pizza Crust-Fed Cow Pizza," was said to be available for a limited time at select Domino's locations. </p><a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/04/01/bt-tower-tall-buildings-become-wind-turbines-net-zero/">Telegraph reported</a> that under radical climate plans secretly approved by the government, several of Britain's tallest structures, including the BT Tower, might be turned into wind turbines to assist Britain in reaching net zero. British Telecom agreed that their tower is a good place to start because it’s basically the same shape as a wind turbine, but without the propellers. So we just need to stick some on the side of it.<br /><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CqdtjqXMF_P/" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="538" data-original-width="1145" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigjstw8gIeCo4TymNp4AYoRC4j8ZMNiNPnRtouQwckafHZrmoi9FRPBIyAHoIdzoGw9DwbKD_nTEDwJzSTBmNUogVs43PujmzivOxS3e52UIQ3ORNTUiaXqBpwGP2ac3wmzfFcp2WH-rUJhsWRYCfb3kwL28UG-4eNFPWWzZOImCJypQ7R3JfLbC8Adw/s320/inflatablerock.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>Torpedo7, the ultimate all-rounder for outdoor stores in New Zealand, i<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CqdtjqXMF_P/">ntroduced their latest product innovation: the Inflatable Rock</a>.</p><p>Torpedo explained that it's perfect for hikers who want to take a break and sit on something that looks and feels just like a real rock. Instead of heavy camping chairs, you can now carry a lightweight and easy to inflate item along with a pump and instruction guide, to take your outdoor experience to the next level.</p><p>Meanwhile Amtrak i<a href="https://twitter.com/Amtrak/status/1642164922439069701">ntroduced a loud car</a> - where all your conversations will be heard by everyone else. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://twitter.com/Amtrak/status/1642164922439069701" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="462" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr4kdVmX7Nqp22Db2pvNDScWLozeTKZzTBLutaQdSKkFIbRZV8PCFc5gAyAzYCyeDVclRytppNsvcxLx4GT8JIhpBDRxua-VlmMLtn8sLIAWkQNXibuIXHAYkcH8clm-xbbsA2G7t8h_gVA1HeFC01bWE2sIvFxASLVzm2R_e88NMAkEmnCGqYXznzcA/w163-h200/Amtrak.png" width="163" /></a></div><p>All phone calls must be on speaker, since all other passengers do want to hear the mixtape and that GRWM you're watching. Since everyone in the loud car wants to hear about other people's situationship, as a courtesy the train employees will come around for the disposing of headphones. It is not clear what will happen to those who are just quietly scrolling TikTok.</p><p>Duolingo and Peacock announced <a href="https://www.peacocktv.com/stream-tv/love-language">Love Language</a>, a new reality dating show from Peacock and Duolingo where the hottest singles in the world will share a house in paradise in hopes of finding true love. The catch? None of them speak the same language. </p><p>Game developers often celebrate April Fool's Day by releasing special in-game events, updates, or content that are meant to be humorous or absurd. </p><p>A <a href="https://store.steampowered.com/app/2324650/The_Murder_of_Sonic_the_Hedgehog/">murder mystery visual novel game</a> on Steam for PC and Mac is the point-and-click adventure that puts you amid the Sonic cast on a murder mystery party aboard the Mirage Express. Sonic as the victim. You, Tails, and Amy attempt to hunt down the killer among the other familiar guests. </p><p>Niantic celebrated "April Fowl’s day" with an announced epidemic of Pidgeys. Pokémon Center replaced Pokemons with <a href="https://twitter.com/Pokemon/status/1641847831454445569">Lechonks</a>.</p><p>Mojang Studios, the developer of Minecraft, is debuting the Vote update, which gives all the power to the hands of the players. That is, players can vote for whatever features they want in the game, and it will come to life instantly.</p><p>While many of the products and designs introduced on this day may be jokes, they can still inspire us with their ingenuity and whimsy. So, keeping an eye on April Fool's jokes and pranks can be a fun way to stay up to date with the latest trends in tech, while also potentially discovering new ideas and concepts that could shape the future of innovation.</p><p><br /></p><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Check past year's jokes from our previous blog posts.</div><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></div><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">April 1, 2022: <a href="https://aurametrix.weebly.com/blog/april-fools-2022" style="border: 0px; color: #0084b4; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">April Fools' 2022 </a>April Fools' Technology jokes can be prophetic or ominous, wishful thinking or a reflection of real concerns.</div><p><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 13px;">April 1, 2021: </span><a href="https://aurametrix.blogspot.com/2021/04/laughter-as-medicine.html" style="border: 0px; color: #0084b4; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Laughter as Medicine: </a><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 13px;">The pandemics is not over, but should we pause the jokes?</span><br style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 13px;">April 1, 2019: </span><a href="https://www.aurametrix.com/Blog/blog/technologies-you-wish-existed-april-1-2019.html" style="border: 0px; color: #0084b4; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Technologies we wish existed.</a><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 13px;"> </span><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Science fiction stories and April fool jokes often describe speculative technology we wish existed in our world.</span><br style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 13px;"></span><br style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">April 1, 2018: </span></span><a href="http://aurametrix.weebly.com/blog/technology-funnies-and-futures-april-fools-2018" style="border: 0px; color: #0084b4; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Technology Funnies and Futures</a><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 13px;">. Some April Fool's jokes come true, some have the potential to be prophetic or ominous, and some products we really wish existed. </span><br style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 13px;">April 1, 2016: </span><a href="http://aurametrix.blogspot.com/2016/04/technology-dreams-and-april-fools-jokes.html" style="border: 0px; color: #0084b4; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Technology, Dreams and Jokes</a><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> As Sigmund Freud suggested, jokes often expose unconscious desires. Perhaps the technologies listed below, too, have a grain of our desires wrapped in a smile? </span><a href="http://aurametrix.blogspot.com/2016/04/technology-dreams-and-april-fools-jokes.html" style="border: 0px; color: #0084b4; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">...</a><br style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />April 1, 2016: </span><a href="http://www.aurametrix.com/blog/the-internet-of-things-key-fools-day-announcements" style="border: 0px; color: #0084b4; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">IoT marches on: Key Fool's day Announcements</a><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Technology keeps marching ahead. And the future gets smarter with the Internet of Things. Here are a few announcements made on April 1 2016 </span></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-26529322890581521982023-03-18T09:00:00.006-07:002023-04-12T14:35:25.106-07:00Direct-To-Consumer Dentistry<p><a href="https://aurametrix.blogspot.com/2022/09/the-rapid-expansion-of-dtc-healthcare.html">Direct-to-consumer</a> (DTC) medical care is rapidly gaining momentum, appealing to everyone who values convenience, accessibility, and affordability when it comes to their health and wellness. </p><p>One area of DTC care is telemedicine - the use of technology to deliver medical care remotely. <a href="https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05077">5 years ago</a>, radiology, psychiatry, cardiology, emergency medicine, and dermatology were among the top specialties of telemedicine. In recent years, teledentistry has experienced a surge in popularity as a new form of delivering dental care. According to the American Dental Association, 42% of people don't go to the dentist frequently enough. This could lead to poor oral health, more invasive and expensive emergency treatments, and wider health implications. Teledentistry could help to improve the general oral health of the public. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5zN9qNAB1RbkHxv_AVT12Y1OveEjmTVhhgwWwfbYofC3y0eWhU1tcfp4d82RuMoUvoFab0yPIbg6suNKTALG3voCoRmqccGhd6ognCmkNQo8rCBgzgAsj8vC3PhjbNa6gcQT9JnazMXuQaOTOfPjq63Ar1Bku2ryA0kqgtE3cXeScKhilhcbJVxKCeQ/s1024/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-03-17%2020.53.41%20-%20a%20point-of-view%20photographic%20shot%20of%20a%20person%20looking%20at%20their%20computer%20during%20an%20online%20consultation%20with%20a%20dentist.%20There%20are%20several%20dental%20product.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5zN9qNAB1RbkHxv_AVT12Y1OveEjmTVhhgwWwfbYofC3y0eWhU1tcfp4d82RuMoUvoFab0yPIbg6suNKTALG3voCoRmqccGhd6ognCmkNQo8rCBgzgAsj8vC3PhjbNa6gcQT9JnazMXuQaOTOfPjq63Ar1Bku2ryA0kqgtE3cXeScKhilhcbJVxKCeQ/s320/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-03-17%2020.53.41%20-%20a%20point-of-view%20photographic%20shot%20of%20a%20person%20looking%20at%20their%20computer%20during%20an%20online%20consultation%20with%20a%20dentist.%20There%20are%20several%20dental%20product.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>Another area of DTC healthcare is the direct sale of healthcare products to consumers without the involvement of healthcare providers. This can include the sale of over-the-counter medications, at-home testing kits, and other health-related products. While some dental products, such as toothbrushes, toothpaste, dental floss, and mouthwash, have always been easily accessible over the counter without a prescription, there have been other products that were exclusively available through licensed dental professionals and too expensive for most people to afford.</p><p>It wasn't until the mid-2010s that new DTC companies such as <a href="https://smiledirectclub.com/">SmileDirectClub</a> and <a href="https://www.candidco.com/">Candid </a>started offering teeth aligners directly to consumers online. These companies use a combination of telemedicine, at-home impression kits, and 3D printing technology to create customized clear aligners that are shipped directly to the patient's home. The list of DTC orthodontics companies keeps growing - including <a href="https://www.byte.com/">Byte</a>, <a href="https://alignerco.com/">AlignerCo</a>, <a href="https://newsmilelife.com/">NewSmile</a>, <a href="https://smilelove.com/pricing">SmileLove</a> and <a href="https://snapcorrect.com/">SnapCorrect</a>. </p><p>According to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32718492/">analysis of data collected in 2019</a>, while many respondents would have preferred traditional treatment from a dentist or orthodontist, they chose direct-to-consumer aligners instead due to the lower cost and greater convenience. More than half did consult with a dentist before purchasing aligners and most respondents (87.5%) were satisfied with DTC treatment, although 6.6% had to visit their dentist due to the severity of adverse effects. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36593134/">Most recent analysis</a> of 1,362 surveys identified a significant inverse association between the complexity of an orthodontic case and the likelihood of choosing DTC treatment over an orthodontist. Laypeople seemed to understand how complex their case was. Participants were 3.53 times more likely to choose DTC treatment for a mild case (DI score, 0-10) compared with a complex case (DI score, > 20), although the likelihood of choosing DTC treatment for a moderate case (DI score, 11-20) was only 1.79 times higher than for a complex case. (DI score, measured by professionals, evaluates severity of malocclusion, or misalignment of teeth, based on position of teeth in the jaws, the size and shape of teeth, the relationship between the upper and lower jaws, etc). </p><p>In recent years, more DTC companies have emerged offering dental laboratory services, where patients are instructed in how to independently take their own impressions and order products such as mouth guards, snoring appliances, teeth whitening trays and bleaching products, partial dentures, veneers, fake teeth and even temporary implants. Dentek store, for example, provides temporary <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00A7L18T4/ref=ox_sc_act_title_1?smid=A7NKCNWCWHVXA&psc=1">filling kits</a> (other options are zinc-oxide-based <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Safe-Sound-Temporary-Tooth-Filling/dp/B004M9SV60#HLCXComparisonWidget_feature_div">Safe-and-Sound</a> kit, and <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Refilit-Maximum-Strength-Filling-Material/dp/B000OJBR7W/ref=psdc_3760941_t1_B004M9SV60">Refilit</a> material). <a href="https://www.diydenture.com/">DIYDenture</a> offers supplies for those who need a quick solution for missing teeth. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Temptooth-Trusted-Patented-Temporary-Replacement/dp/B00641RE7G">Temptooth</a> and <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Brige-Temporary-Gaps-Moldable-Replacement-Artfifical/dp/B089W7QBLN">Brige</a> sell tooth replacement kits on Amazon. <a href="https://resetsmile.com/">Resetsmile</a> offers an at-home tooth replacement option. New-York-based <a href="https://www.dental-lab-direct.com/products.html">Dental Lab Direct</a> is an online provider of custom-made dental products, including partial dentures, nightguards, retainers, and more. <a href="https://dentkits.com/">DentKits</a> is a less known online provider of custom-made full dentures, partial dentures, and other dental appliances. <a href="https://www.trusmileveneers.com/">TruSmile veneers</a> offer Snap-On teeth veneers as a cheaper alternative to dentures. </p><p>The American Dental Association (ADA) and the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) have raised concerns about this trend, referring to it as DIY dentistry. They are concerned that patients may be self-delivering unsupervised dental treatments, which can potentially cause damage and irreversible complications. However virtual dental care is much more than a cheap digital knockoff of in-person care. Besides, in-person care is not free of flaws, including a significant disparity among licensed dentists when it comes to evaluating radiographs, performing procedures, and making decisions that may be driven by profits rather than the patient's well-being. The human sensitivity can <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.0022-0337.2001.65.10.tb03470.x">vary from 19% to 94%</a>, and there is only a moderate level of agreement among clinicians, with <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00220345860650031201?journalCode=jdrb">less than 63%</a> of the data considered reliable.</p><p>New computer-guided technologies allow the dentist to utilize AI and bioengineering to improve their interventions. 3D printing offers a faster, cheaper way to create dental products. New biotechnologies will allow to engineer <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abj3343">tooth enamel</a> that is harder and more durable than the real thing, including its elasticity and ability to absorb vibrations. Virtual/augmented reality headsets being developed could provide instructions or media for better patient-dentist interactions. These technologies can provide patients with more information about their dental health, guide their less-complicated DIY solutions, help them make more informed decisions about their treatment options and manage their wellbeing throughout the course of care.</p><p><br /></p><p>Acknowledgements: Special thanks to the Stork app, OpenAI's Assistant, Perplexity (and other products based on the OpenAI API) for their help with illustrating this article and diligent research.</p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p>Tabbaa S, Nguyen T, Toubouti Y, Saltaji H. Direct-to-consumer orthodontics: Exploring laypeople's perception of orthodontic treatment complexity. J Am Dent Assoc. 2023 Feb;154(2):130-140.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2022.10.017. Epub 2022 Dec 31. Erratum in: J Am Dent Assoc. 2023 Feb 3;: PMID: 36593134.</p><p>Wexler A, Nagappan A, Beswerchij A, Choi R. Direct-to-consumer orthodontics: surveying the user experience. J Am Dent Assoc. 2020 Aug;151(8):625-636.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.02.025. PMID: 32718492; PMCID: PMC7391059.</p><p>Bader JD, Shugars DA, Bonito AJ. Systematic reviews of selected dental caries diagnostic and management methods. J Dent Educ. 2001 Oct;65(10):960-8. PMID: 11699997.</p><p>Valachovic RW, Douglass CW, Berkey CS, McNeil BJ, Chauncey HH. Examiner reliability in dental radiography. Journal of Dental Research. 1986 Mar;65(3):432-6.</p><p>Alqutaibi, A.Y.; Aboalrejal, A.N. Artificial intelligence (AI) as an aid in restorative dentistry is promising, but still a work in progress. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2023 Mar;23(1):101837. doi: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2023.101837. Epub 2023 Feb 8. PMID: 36914305.</p><p>Kane CK, Gillis K. The use of telemedicine by physicians: still the exception rather than the rule. Health Affairs. 2018 Dec 1;37(12):1923-30.</p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-90375301747820183672023-01-02T20:25:00.010-08:002023-01-06T07:55:44.161-08:00Quantified Self: From Sousveillance to Personal Science and Phenotyping<p>The quantified-self movement which involves using technology to track various aspects of one's daily life and behaviors, could be traced back to the <a href="https://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/images/multimedia/magazine/1707/Nelson_Running_Speed.pdf">sousveillance-like monitoring described in 1970</a>. One of the first platforms for these activities - Nike+ website publicly launched in 2006 - was helping runners to track and share their workouts. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ7PoNNjE4OnKEYkWUD6UmtDinfk4lPrYQRaSutD3QUFYGJLKfex2zydO2erxXiOq148pYIYNCctdAVCQpvfhXQiv8hE1buy-6MwnAePm7XlfWFTLSVIpjZl3IWlBuQl91MJ_dm2UKlHG6F9K_tZbyRJiwGNlXaZTUcX9yGHfeDQzhT1y-ung1ls1_0Q/s1024/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-01-02%2023.18.10%20-%20Quantified%20Self_%20from%20Sousveillance%20to%20Personal%20Science%20and%20Phenotyping,%20digital%20art.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ7PoNNjE4OnKEYkWUD6UmtDinfk4lPrYQRaSutD3QUFYGJLKfex2zydO2erxXiOq148pYIYNCctdAVCQpvfhXQiv8hE1buy-6MwnAePm7XlfWFTLSVIpjZl3IWlBuQl91MJ_dm2UKlHG6F9K_tZbyRJiwGNlXaZTUcX9yGHfeDQzhT1y-ung1ls1_0Q/s320/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-01-02%2023.18.10%20-%20Quantified%20Self_%20from%20Sousveillance%20to%20Personal%20Science%20and%20Phenotyping,%20digital%20art.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>The term "quantified self" was coined in 2007 by Wired magazine editors Gary Wolf and Kevin Kelly who co-founded the Quantified Self Institute and "Quantified Self Meetups." The movement experienced a period of rapid growth in popularity in the 2010s. Forbes has even called 2013 "The Year of the Quantified Self". </p><p>As the technology for self-tracking has become more advanced and widespread, it has attracted the attention of commercial hardware developers. Fitbit founded in 2007 as Healthy Metrics Research, released their first tracker in 2009. In the 2010s, a number of major tech companies, including Apple, Google, and Samsung, began to develop and market wearable devices and self-tracking apps.</p><p>Quantified Self movement has not become a mainstream trend due to a combination of cost, technical barriers, and privacy concerns. Many people resented self-tracking being pushed by their employers, health and life insurers in order to monitor them. And despite many attempts to develop <a href="https://www.prweb.com/releases/aurametrix/connect-the-dots/prweb9404391.htm">analysis tools</a>, most people are still lacking the skills to process their data in order to make better decisions in everyday life.</p><p>"Personal science" (the use of scientific methods and principles to analyze personal lifelogging) and N-of-1 studies (when individual is studied in isolation, rather than as part of a larger group in a clinical study) are related to the quantified-self movement in that they both involve the use of technology and data to track and understand one's own health and behavior. These approaches, however, are not yet widely used or understood by the general public. </p><p>The use of self-tracking data has the potential to inform the study of various medical conditions through the process of phenotyping, as several papers have demonstrated (eg, for <a href="https://f1000research.com/articles/11-4/v1">vaccine-triggered anorexia</a> and <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0292-9">endometriosis</a>). However, the understanding of how to effectively use this type of data for this purpose is still in the early stages, and it has not yet been widely adopted by traditional medical science. In contrast to what was expected 20 years ago, phenotyping <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09637214221112041">has taken a back seat </a>in human genetics research. It was thought that having a precise or well-measured phenotype was far less relevant than having a huge sample. However, now that the field of genetics has a working strategy for gene discovery, and AI is getting more sophisticated, the importance of phenotype is re-emerging, and this will likely lead to a renewed interest in the quantified self.</p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">McClusky M. <a href="https://www.wired.com/2009/06/lbnp-nike/">The Nike experiment: how the shoe giant unleashed the power of personal metrics.</a> Wired. 2009 Jun 22;17(07).</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Gabashvili IS. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2012/04/30/why-red-beans-and-rice-are-good-but-not-with-coffee/">Why Red Beans and Rice Are Good ... But Not with Coffe</a>e, Forbes 2012, April 30. </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13600517</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Osozawa S. <a href="https://f1000research.com/articles/11-4/v1">Case report: anorexia as a new type of adverse reaction caused by the COVID-19 vaccination: a case report applying detailed personal care records. </a>F1000Res 2022 Jan 4;11:4</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Urteaga I, McKillop M, Elhadad N. L<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0292-9">earning endometriosis phenotypes from patient-generated data</a>. NPJ digital medicine. 2020 Jun 24;3(1):1-4.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Dick DM. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09637214221112041">The Promise and Peril of Genetics.</a> Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2022 Dec;31(6):480-485. doi: 10.1177/09637214221112041. Epub 2022 Sep 16. PMID: 36591341; PMCID: PMC9802013.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">==</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Special thanks to OpenAI's Assistant for their help with illustrating and writing this article.</span></span></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-50757779974860238912022-11-04T14:43:00.008-07:002022-11-07T07:33:45.796-08:00COVID-19: vaccines and infections<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">Personalized, precise and predictive vaccinology's holy grail is to anticipate </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">immune response for every individual, depending on their </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">genetic background and all other factors that may impact vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">The high expense of comprehensive genomic and immune-profiling tests, however, prohibits their routine use and this disproportionally affects underserved populations. </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYOVSzMzuJ-AkpMacfxYw4jrP6GiO39g8rz_ijc1jLLG4zoORpXIbivCjfxRdw3FnH8WIxbOJhs3GoUGVnCo7su1hnQGrgH64P6ik4HTkHRk9xK-GLBkeELfoHpm7D-tpXzdUfmJuN_ih51mXBvqTrhTiBsQSv9jctu_rkXSQ400EoGMWh3rQezdN4QQ/s923/FormativeJMIR.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="923" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYOVSzMzuJ-AkpMacfxYw4jrP6GiO39g8rz_ijc1jLLG4zoORpXIbivCjfxRdw3FnH8WIxbOJhs3GoUGVnCo7su1hnQGrgH64P6ik4HTkHRk9xK-GLBkeELfoHpm7D-tpXzdUfmJuN_ih51mXBvqTrhTiBsQSv9jctu_rkXSQ400EoGMWh3rQezdN4QQ/s320/FormativeJMIR.png" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">A new paper reports preliminary results of an ongoing study of COVID-19 vaccination in geographic neighborhoods and online health support groups. Due to innovative recruitment and monitoring strategies, the study has the largest representation of active "oldest old" - individuals aged 80 or older - than all other trials with diverse age groups. </span><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Despite widespread belief of a biphasic pattern for the frequency of systemic adverse events post-vaccination (VAEs), the paper reports statistically significant differences in the incidence of VAEs for both younger and 80+ populations when compared to those in the 60-69 and 70-79 age brackets. The subtypes of adverse events in younger and older populations are different. This short paper groups post-vaccination events in three types: "No or minimal VAEs", and short- or long-term reactions that significantly impacted activities of daily living. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">The paper suggests genetic origin for some adverse reactions. Scientists have only just begun to look into genetics of less common VAEs. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35005651/">HLA-A∗03:01</a> (contributing to <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.641900/full">low risk</a> of severe COVID-19) was recently found to be associated with increased risk of stronger side effects (including </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">fever and chills</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">) from Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. In another recent study, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-02078-6">HLA-DQB1*06 alleles</a> were found to protect from breakthrough infection during the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus and subsequent Alpha-variant waves compared with non-carriers. Hopefully, more studies will follow. </span></div><div><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px;">REFERENCE</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px;"><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121; font-size: 16px;">Gabashvili IS. <a href="https://formative.jmir.org/2022/11/e41914">The Incidence and Effect of Adverse Events Due to COVID-19 Vaccines on Breakthrough Infections: Decentralized Observational Study With Underrepresented Groups</a>. JMIR Form Res. 2022 Nov 4;6(11):e41914. doi: 10.2196/41914. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36309347/">36309347</a>.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px;"><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121; font-size: 16px;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px;"><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1_12NT2DwPvuiEb7-hZTZqJX-Tja54SmQBW1ckfEDaNGa0wnXv2Xsh12T9iCClps_QtVvRFJHdYqcjZ2cPQVMqNBC6D1eyxo1AUjLnt8nnYxY9Fwr0vHALdutYbYts9-lklQW-SR-S0cvk--L5QRVHiup1e68MAogzfu-MzNJoPQSd9DF-HWi009Upg/s832/JMIR-FR-IF.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="832" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1_12NT2DwPvuiEb7-hZTZqJX-Tja54SmQBW1ckfEDaNGa0wnXv2Xsh12T9iCClps_QtVvRFJHdYqcjZ2cPQVMqNBC6D1eyxo1AUjLnt8nnYxY9Fwr0vHALdutYbYts9-lklQW-SR-S0cvk--L5QRVHiup1e68MAogzfu-MzNJoPQSd9DF-HWi009Upg/w200-h108/JMIR-FR-IF.png" width="200" /></a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px;"><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121; font-size: 16px;">Current <a href="https://www.resurchify.com/impact/details/21101028582#:~:text=JMIR%20Formative%20Research%20Impact%20Score%202021-2022%20The%20impact,citations%20to%20recent%20articles%20published%20in%20that%20journal.">Impact score </a>of the journal is: 2.38 (Resurchify)</span></span><p></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px;"><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121; font-size: 16px;">JMIR Formative Research has been accepted for the Web of Science: Emerging Sources Citation Index. The journal will receive a Journal Impact Factor in 2023. </span></span></p></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-63257482752215926852022-09-17T18:31:00.004-07:002023-01-04T12:08:34.388-08:00The Rapid Expansion of DTC Healthcare<div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit;">Preventive care is recognized as the most effective strategy for </span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit;">health care cost reduction</span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit;">. </span></span><span>Screening for early signs of heart disease, cancer, maintenance of </span>diabetes and allergies and prevention of infectious diseases can be done without a supervising physician. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">Direct</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">-</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">to</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">-</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">consumer</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;"> (DTC) laboratory </span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">testing</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;"> allows individuals to order tests directly from a </span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">laboratory</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;"> without going through their </span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">healthcare</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;"> provider, and often at lower </span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">cost</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">. </span></span></span>The number of companies providing direct-to-consumer diagnostic testing is rapidly growing, along with the range of health information provided by these tests. Ancestry (genealogy) testing<span face=""Lucida Grande", Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> is an example. And so are new devices for <a href="https://cardiometrix.blogspot.com/2022/09/smart-wearables-for-cardiac-monitoring.html">cardiac monitoring</a>. </span></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i2.wp.com/blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/shutterstock_253752736-scaled-e1628626406713.jpg?fit=648%2C432&ssl=1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="648" height="213" src="https://i2.wp.com/blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/shutterstock_253752736-scaled-e1628626406713.jpg?fit=648%2C432&ssl=1" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">Experts anticipate a near-term explosion in the DTC marketplace. DTC</span> healthcare already was a
<a href="https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2589-7500%2820%2930057-1">US$700 billion industry</a> in 2020, including over-the-counter
drugs. <span style="background-color: white;">The </span><span style="background-color: white;">Mark Cuban</span><span style="background-color: white;"> <a href="https://costplusdrugs.com">Cost Plus </a></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://costplusdrugs.com">Drug</a></span><span style="background-color: white;"> Company, PBC (MCCPDC) is nearing one million customers.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666;"> </span>An analysis of <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2589-7500%2820%2930057-1">2011-1019 records</a> from Rock Health Digital Database, showed that 252 (21%) of 1214 digital health companies pursued a direct-to-consumer strategy. <span style="background-color: white;">The pandemic has accelerated this growth.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">According to research by <a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/health-care/consumer-health-trends.html">Deloitte</a>, the number of people</span><span style="background-color: white;"> using virtual healthcare rose from 15% to 19% from 2019 to early 2020, then jumped to 28% in April 2020. On average, 80% were likely to have another virtual visit, even post COVID-19 and said they will use this type of care again. Latest data showed </span>that consumers’ appetite for virtual health and digital health tools continued to steadily increased, although there was significant variation in physician adoption. </span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/health-care/virtual-health-survey/_jcr_content/root/responsivegrid_380572564/advanced_image_1161904784.coreimg.95.800.jpeg/1662617213414/us175584-figure2.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="721" height="800" src="https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/health-care/virtual-health-survey/_jcr_content/root/responsivegrid_380572564/advanced_image_1161904784.coreimg.95.800.jpeg/1662617213414/us175584-figure2.jpeg" width="721" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Human touch remains central to care delivery. <span style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">In the <a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/health-care/virtual-health-survey.html">2022 Deloitte Survey</a> of US Health Care Consumers,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111;"> 70% of respondents who had a virtual visit in 2022 (vs. 67% in 2020) thought that </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #111111;">the quality of virtual care was as good as in person, but only 73% (vs. 82% in 2020) thought they were able to connect with the clinician the same way they would in-person. Integration of data from patients' wearables and their self-reported outcomes into health records <a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/health-care/virtual-health-survey.html">also experienced a setback</a>. </span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">T<span style="background-color: white;">he global market for</span><span style="background-color: white;"> Direct-to-Consumer (DTC)</span><span style="background-color: white;"> testing was predicted to grow from $1.4 billion in 2020 to $2.6 billion by 2025. </span>There were
cautionary cases of uBiome and Theranos, there are <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36565304/">quackery labs</a>, but as the industry matures and moves toward utilization of clear clinical metrics, and as the capabilities of technology advance, DTC testing will me more and more impactful. <span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a;">There are DTC companies that offer the tests and biometric screenings that a physician would typically order as part of a routine annual physical, such as a complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, urinalysis, and cardiovascular and diabetes risk assessment. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Ultalabs, JasonHealth, discounted labs, drsays and privatemdlabs all allow to self-order laboratory tests and Quest and Labcorps locations. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">No more uncomfortable questions for a blood test prescription. </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">No doctor visit needed to get</span><span class="d-none d-md-inline-block" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; text-align: center;">test results - they will be</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"> emailed instead. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a;">Consumers pay up front and know exactly what they are paying for. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said for many other healthcare services.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">Genetic counseling for patients who are pursuing genetic testing in the absence of a medical indication, referred to as elective genomic testing (<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgc4.1654">EGT</a>), is becoming relatively common. More people are using technology to monitor their health, measure fitness, and order prescription refills. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Before COVID-19, there was a slight decline in people who were willing to share their health data—but during the pandemic, new data showed that people are more comfortable sharing data during a crisis</span></span></div><div><br /></div><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">REFERENCES</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">Cohen AB, Mathews SC, Dorsey ER, Bates DW, Safavi K. Direct-to-consumer digital health. The Lancet Digital Health. 2020 Apr 1;2(4):e163-5.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">Stoffel M, Greene DN, Beal SG, Foley P, Killeen AA, Shafi H, Terrazas E. Direct-to-Consumer Testing for Routine Purposes. Clinical Chemistry. 2022 Sep;68(9):1121-7.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/life-sciences-and-healthcare/articles/global-health-care-sector-outlook.html">2022 Global health care sector outlook | Deloitte</a></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/nl/Documents/life-sciences-health-care/deloitte-nl-healthcare-consumer-centered-future-of-health.pdf">deloitte-nl-healthcare-consumer-centered-future-of-health.pdf</a></span></span></p><p><span>https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/lab/lab-test-market-shifting-from-provider-driven-to-consumer-driven.html</span></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-73656986479745636412022-05-16T07:12:00.006-07:002022-09-28T17:50:10.033-07:00Resolving the subtypes of COVID-19 in the elderly<p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">SARS-Cov-2 is one of the most complex viruses known to medical science. Patients with COVID-19 <span style="background-color: white;">present a broad spectrum of </span><span style="background-color: white;">clinical</span><span style="background-color: white;"> manifestations, </span><span style="background-color: white;">ranging from asymptomatic infection to lethal outcome</span><span style="background-color: white;">. Both the young and the old may have</span> very different clusters of symptoms and responses to medications, including the COVID-19 vaccines. Each type is associated with how severe of an illness a patient might experience, ranging from asymptomatic to lethal. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSaYa_E5mkFNbxrsNZmJ3Z98h42IBlpLRRIMYUzpG9il2Znx2NeSWJ9EK5A3_orZfocNVg-E5tsuN8XUDkV16JpTMm9GxiznKJYbni4zkn_gJZeY9bGfvWKGg9ydaMG-c-Ze78EEgc1w-Y11l39mJbQ6UKPrGeLJqrEYy8oECJCAEWBKqUBgiu3KISdQ/s341/phenotypes1.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="341" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSaYa_E5mkFNbxrsNZmJ3Z98h42IBlpLRRIMYUzpG9il2Znx2NeSWJ9EK5A3_orZfocNVg-E5tsuN8XUDkV16JpTMm9GxiznKJYbni4zkn_gJZeY9bGfvWKGg9ydaMG-c-Ze78EEgc1w-Y11l39mJbQ6UKPrGeLJqrEYy8oECJCAEWBKqUBgiu3KISdQ/s320/phenotypes1.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Precision medicine approaches such as whole-exome sequencing can provide insight into the phenotypes, endotypes and underlying mechanisms of the disease. The high cost of cutting-edge approaches, however, keeps these tools out of reach for many research teams. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="background-color: white;">In this age of big data and large clinical studies, we should not forget about the value of individual cases. </span></span><span style="background-color: white;">A good case report tells a detailed story. It describes a unique phenotype and offers unique clues to its resolution into an endotype. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white;">A new <a href="https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022332621">systematic review of case reports</a> aims to answer questions about </span><span face="proxima-nova, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">COVID-19 subtypes in octogenarians, nonagenarians, and centenarians and offer possible solutions to organize the knowledge and identify the gaps. </span></span></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><br /></div><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px;">REFERENCE</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px;"><span face="proxima-nova, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 16px;">Irene S. Gabashvili. The outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection in octogenarians, nonagenarians, and centenarians. PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022332621 Available from: </span><a href="https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022332621" style="color: #0d7f25; font-family: proxima-nova, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_self">https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022332621</a></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px;">Irene S. Gabashvili (2022), “COVID-19 vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 in the oldest old: rapid literature review”, Mendeley Data, v1
http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/6sk33d9z7s.1 </span><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/6sk33d9z7s/1&source=gmail&ust=1654193616404000&usg=AOvVaw0WQxK_HRL9AAF6K4e-s_d5" href="https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/6sk33d9z7s/1" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://data.mendeley.com/<wbr></wbr>datasets/6sk33d9z7s/1</a></p><p>Irene S. Gabashvili (2022), “<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">The Outcomes of COVID-19 and Vaccination in the Oldest Old: a Longitudinal Observational Study and Literature Review</span>”, April 2022, DOI: <a class="nova-legacy-e-link nova-legacy-e-link--color-inherit nova-legacy-e-link--theme-decorated" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15625.93285" rel="noopener" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit;" target="_blank">10.13140/RG.2.2.15625.93285</a></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-43991897649751151482022-03-03T17:43:00.006-08:002023-01-19T08:38:43.229-08:00Getting Out of Echo Chambers<p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Web search is hyper personalized and social media creates echo chambers. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0263746.g004" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="800" height="217" src="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0263746.g004" width="320" /></span></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Nothing new, really. "The Facebook effect" was coined over 10 years ago, and the echo chamber effect of the Internet was known long before that. Echo chambers existed even in the early <a href="https://social.cs.uiuc.edu/papers/pdfs/hicss09-echo-gilbert.pdf">blogosphere</a>. But the isolation from a diversity of views and opinions may be reaching the tipping point. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span>A study published last month in <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0263746">PLOS One,</a> analyzed and visualized 60 billion tweets </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #202020;">demonstrating how highly the vaccine debate is polarized. </span></span></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://twitter.com/MBFC_News/status/1496493403084922887" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="503" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjD3Gw3Oscec87ehsBmJdEVRSnicCMK4Ear4r4R4lwL2YEJ4Ex8DotWmE3FPRWW_t1bAmtKwv6gII5vp5BUqbEk7ynBxyfchvXX7UB6oKF6RPg5yhcapIYHdGcZHPa2aaarmeVILsO6t8GnxH_834MsRbN64I1vyeF7MFDljbzwQYUATV8EbOzBsY7OcA=s320" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #202020;">Users with similar stances interacted preferentially with one another. Interactions between individuals with different views were rare and not productive. Extending this insight, the authors provide evidence of an epistemic echo chamber effect, where users are exposed to highly dissimilar sources of information, </span><span style="color: #202020;">depending on</span><span style="color: #202020;"> the stance of their contacts. </span></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #202020;">But does it make sense to call an article or a blog post provaxx or antivaxx based on pro- or anti-vaccine sentiment?</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://post-progressive.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/post-progressive-circle-clear.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="630" height="138" src="https://post-progressive.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/post-progressive-circle-clear.png" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>Why can't we discuss pros and cons of vaccines objectively and admit that medicine should be personalized? Majority of population benefits from vaccines, but there are those that don't. Should not we try to understand why?</span></span></span><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>The only way to overcome hyperpolarization is to increase our collective <a href="https://post-progressive.org/our-basic-approach/developmental-politics-in-700-words/">cultural intelligence</a>, improve critical thinking skills, <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/new-approach-to-social-media-algorithms-could-counteract-destructive-polarisation">counteract destructive polarization</a>, </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">recognize the legitimacy and ongoing necessity of opposing viewpoints.</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">The <a href="http://new.aurametrix.com">new.aurametrix.com</a> site is a collection of scientific papers about the less discussed medical cases. We all know that vaccines work. We dare you to understand why there are cases when they don't. <br /></span><p></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>REFERENCES</div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Less Discussed <a href="https://new.aurametrix.com/">Medical Case Reports</a><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Mønsted B, Lehmann S. Characterizing polarization in online vaccine discourse—A large-scale study. PloS one. 2022 Feb 9;17(2):e0263746.</span><br /></span><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Ries M. The COVID-19 Infodemic: Mechanism, Impact, and Counter-Measures—A Review of Reviews. Sustainability. 2022 Jan;14(5):2605.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333;">Gorman, J. M., & Scales, D. A. (2022). Leveraging infodemiologists to counteract online misinformation: Experience with COVID-19 vaccines. </span><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review</em><span style="color: #333333;">. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-92</span></span></p></div></div></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-33233460716477115812021-12-25T08:26:00.005-08:002022-11-07T17:04:18.183-08:00Myocarditis and COVID-19: for some people the risk may be higher following vaccination than infectionCOVID-19 is a known cause of cardiac complications such as myocarditis and systolic dysfunction. Vaccine associated myocarditis was described following smallpox vaccination, streptococcal pneumonia and influenza vaccine. In some cases, autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants used in the vaccine have been also implicated. <div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgibtaqWRNE-7V1NdAIt3aAg0L7tLwZmVHUkIg045k3Bax6dXzgQUjMvxmQgqKHSt34kM4HPesdUgnM-YSyBIkaU2pQWptq3E-H33vOrKnzifjirU5ne7AE8tBtn3YiJRaf2Y5l_W9RGd3DCEPpziercXolY0DUFd0AP6sTUrZmZ_CGNXGCH41_B3nR=s800-p-k-no-nu" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="800" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgibtaqWRNE-7V1NdAIt3aAg0L7tLwZmVHUkIg045k3Bax6dXzgQUjMvxmQgqKHSt34kM4HPesdUgnM-YSyBIkaU2pQWptq3E-H33vOrKnzifjirU5ne7AE8tBtn3YiJRaf2Y5l_W9RGd3DCEPpziercXolY0DUFd0AP6sTUrZmZ_CGNXGCH41_B3nR=s320-p-k-no-nu" width="320" /></a></div>Associations of COVID-19 vaccination and myocarditis have been proposed in multiple publications, but the consensus was that the benefits of vaccine are worth the increased risk even though more personalized approach seems warranted by the evidence.</div><div><br /></div><div>A <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.21268276v1">new study </a>presents data about the risk of myocarditis increasing with each subsequent dose of mRNA vaccines, especially mRNA-1273. Moreover, in younger males the risk of myocarditis was higher following vaccination than infection. Another study presents a case of <a href="https://new.aurametrix.com/2021/12/fatal-covid-19-breakthrough-case.html">fatal breakthrough infection</a> in an older male who experienced myocarditis-like symptoms after his COVID-19 vaccine.
<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35456309/">Retrospective cohort study of 196,992 adults</a> in Israel did not observe an increased incidence of neither pericarditis nor myocarditis in unvaccinated adult patients recovering from COVID-19 infection. See example <a href="https://new.aurametrix.com/search/label/myocarditis">case reports</a>. <br /></div><div><br /><p>REFERENCES</p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Martina Patone, Winnie Xue Mei, Lahiru Handunnetthi, Sharon Dixon, Francesco Zaccardi, Manu Shankar-Hari, Peter Watkinson, Kamlesh Khunti, Anthony Harnden, Carol AC Coupland, Keith M. Channon, Nicholas L Mills, Aziz Sheikh, Julia Hippisley-Cox </span>Risk of myocarditis following sequential COVID-19 vaccinations by age and sex medRxiv 2021.12.23.21268276; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.23.21268276</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Kim HW, Jenista ER, Wendell DC, Azevedo CF, Campbell MJ, Darty SN, Parker MA, Kim RJ. Patients with acute myocarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. JAMA cardiology. 2021 Oct 1;6(10):1196-201.</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Lazaros G, Anastassopoulou C, Hatziantoniou S, Kalos T, Soulaidopoulos S, Lazarou E, Vlachopoulos C, Vassilopoulos D, Tsakris A, Tsioufis C. A case series of acute pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination in the context of recent reports from Europe and the United States. Vaccine. 2021 Oct 29;39(45):6585-90.</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Hendren NS, Carter S, Grodin JL. Severe COVID-19 vaccine associated myocarditis: Zebra or unicorn?. International journal of cardiology. 2021 Nov 15;343:197-8.</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">===================================================================</span>
<!--</p><p>Athletes with issues after vaccination: </p><p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px;">Dembele, 29, Atletico Madrid striker collapses in training, requires medical attention</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px;"> </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-R2_5LMobXc" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-R2_5LMobXc</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Alex Apolinario, 24, Brazilian soccer player dies after collapsing on pitch during match: <a href="https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/brazilian-soccer-player-alex-apolinario-dies-after-collapsing-on-pitch-during-match-in-portugal/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/brazilian-soccer-player-alex-apolinario-dies-after-collapsing-on-pitch-during-match-in-portugal/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Britain’s Jack Draper, 19, collapses at Miami Open: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDuOP0V1nUw" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDuOP0V1nUw</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Mirko Kido, 36, Olympic gold medalist dies of heart attack during game: <a href="https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/indonesian-doubles-star-kido-dies-heart-attack-36-2021-06-14/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/indonesian-doubles-star-kido-dies-heart-attack-36-2021-06-14/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Ghanaian referee collapses during AFCON Match: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvPQO44NzN4" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvPQO44NzN4</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Referee Bert Smith collapses on court due to blood clot during Gonzaga-USC men’s Elite Eight game: <a href="https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/31222546/referee-bert-smith-says-blood-clot-lung-caused-fall-ncaa-tourney" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/31222546/referee-bert-smith-says-blood-clot-lung-caused-fall-ncaa-tourney</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Josh Downie, 24, cricketer dies after heart attack at practice: <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-57058626" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-57058626</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Giuseppe Perrino, 29, ex-Parma footballer dies at memorial match after collapsing <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/football/15151824/giuseppe-perrino-dead-29-parma-brother/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/football/15151824/giuseppe-perrino-dead-29-parma-brother/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Raymond van Barneveld collapses and receives paramedic attention during PDC Championship: <a href="https://www.dailystar.co.uk/sport/darts/pdc-players-championship-8-suspended-23759939" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.dailystar.co.uk/sport/darts/pdc-players-championship-8-suspended-23759939</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Devaraj Anchan, 33, volleyball player collapses during game, dies: <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/volleyball-player-collapses-during-game-dies/article34185430.ece" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/volleyball-player-collapses-during-game-dies/article34185430.ece</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Garissone Innocent, 20, fell unconscious due to abnormal electrical impulse in heart during game: <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/football/13901939/goalkeepers-rushed-hospital-collapsing/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/football/13901939/goalkeepers-rushed-hospital-collapsing/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Ethan Jovani Trejo, 16-year-old soccer player, collapsed on the field during training: <a href="https://eu.cincinnati.com/story/news/2021/06/25/teen-dies-after-medical-incident-princeton-high-school-field/5344293001/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://eu.cincinnati.com/story/news/2021/06/25/teen-dies-after-medical-incident-princeton-high-school-field/5344293001/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Samuel Kalu, 24, Bordeaux star collapses minutes into football game: <a href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/58228778" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/58228778</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Roy Butler, 23, Irish footballer Watford FC dies after Jansen: <a href="https://twitter.com/NewsForAllIre/status/1428301909715296263?s=20" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://twitter.com/NewsForAllIre/status/1428301909715296263?s=20</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Dylan Rich, 19, FA Youth Cup – player suffered sudden cardiac arrest on the field, passes away: <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-58496077" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-58496077</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Vinny Curry, 33, out for season due to blood clots: <a href="https://nypost.com/2021/08/25/jets-vinny-curry-out-after-rare-blood-disorder-diagnosis/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://nypost.com/2021/08/25/jets-vinny-curry-out-after-rare-blood-disorder-diagnosis/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Cameron Dale, 29, Australian sailor dies after catastrophic stroke: <a href="https://7news.com.au/sport/sailing/australian-sailor-jessica-watson-reveals-sudden-death-of-partner-cameron-dale-c-3845979" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://7news.com.au/sport/sailing/australian-sailor-jessica-watson-reveals-sudden-death-of-partner-cameron-dale-c-3845979</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Two young Columbia High school footballers die: <a href="https://www.wistv.com/2021/09/04/he-would-love-it-donadrian-robinsons-family-reacts-tribute-wj-keenan-high-school/?outputType=apps" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.wistv.com/2021/09/04/he-would-love-it-donadrian-robinsons-family-reacts-tribute-wj-keenan-high-school/?outputType=apps</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Bollywood’s star, 40, dies following heart attack <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9950385/Indian-TV-film-star-Siddharth-Shukla-40-dies-heart-attack.html#reader-comments" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9950385/Indian-TV-film-star-Siddharth-Shukla-40-dies-heart-attack.html#reader-comments</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Tom Felton, 34, collapses during golf game: <a href="https://bbc.in/3i4YpI5?fbclid=IwAR0aZBaXpiX9ky34g3eLiG3pcMs5r2udih4kRGUIi7GOBK3iciefX1-qoXk" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bbc.in/3i4YpI5?fbclid=IwAR0aZBaXpiX9ky34g3eLiG3pcMs5r2udih4kRGUIi7GOBK3iciefX1-qoXk</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Francis Perron, 25, Ottawa footballer dies after game: <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/usports-ottawa-gee-gees-francis-perron-dies-1.6182332" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/usports-ottawa-gee-gees-francis-perron-dies-1.6182332</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Parys Haralson, 37, former Saints line backer dies: <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2021/09/13/parys-haralson-former-49-ers-and-saints-lb-dies-37/8328669002/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2021/09/13/parys-haralson-former-49-ers-and-saints-lb-dies-37/8328669002/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Jimmy Hayes, 31, former Bruins player unexpectedly dies: <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/08/23/sports/jimmy-hayes-former-bruin-boston-college-hockey-champ-dies-31/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/08/23/sports/jimmy-hayes-former-bruin-boston-college-hockey-champ-dies-31/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Kjeld Nuis, 31, Dutch professional skater admitted to hospital with inflamed heart: <a href="https://www.rtlboulevard.nl/entertainment/news/artikel/5243606/kjeld-nuis-vaccinatie-ziek-update" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.rtlboulevard.nl/entertainment/news/artikel/5243606/kjeld-nuis-vaccinatie-ziek-update</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">John Stokes, 21, athlete at Tennessee Uni hospitalized with heart inflammation: <a href="https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/student-athlete-john-stokes-myocarditis-covid-vaccine-002451374.html?guccounter=1" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/student-athlete-john-stokes-myocarditis-covid-vaccine-002451374.html?guccounter=1</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Jake Ehlinger, 20, found dead – cause unknown: <a href="https://usdaynews.com/celebrities/celebrity-death/sam-ehlinger-brother-death-cause/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://usdaynews.com/celebrities/celebrity-death/sam-ehlinger-brother-death-cause/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Jeremy Chardy, 34, tennis pro cannot train or play after vaccine: <a href="https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Tennis_Interviews/102836/jeremy-chardy-i-regret-getting-vaccinated-i-have-series-of-problems-now/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Tennis_Interviews/102836/jeremy-chardy-i-regret-getting-vaccinated-i-have-series-of-problems-now/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Francesca Marcon, 38, volleybal professional can’t play, has pericarditis post vaccine: <a href="https://www.lapressa.it/notiziario/sport/la-campionessa-di-volley-ho-una-pericardite-post-vaccino" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.lapressa.it/notiziario/sport/la-campionessa-di-volley-ho-una-pericardite-post-vaccino</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Yusuke Kinoshita, 27, baseball pro dies 7 weeks post vaccine: <a href="https://thecovidworld.com/yusuke-kinoshita-27-year-old-japanese-professional-baseball-player-dies-7-weeks-after-covid-19-vaccine/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://thecovidworld.com/yusuke-kinoshita-27-year-old-japanese-professional-baseball-player-dies-7-weeks-after-covid-19-vaccine/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Alex Stalock, 34, NHL Oilers goalie out for the season due to heart condition: <a href="https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/nhl-oilers-goalie-alex-stalock-miss-entire-season-with-heart-condition-covid-19-related-191817673.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/nhl-oilers-goalie-alex-stalock-miss-entire-season-with-heart-condition-covid-19-related-191817673.html</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Ceylin Alvarado, 23, pro cyclists out for season due to blood complications: <a href="https://www.nu.nl/sport-overig/6160296/veldrijdster-alvarado-voorlopig-niet-in-actie-door-verstoord-bloedbeeld.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.nu.nl/sport-overig/6160296/veldrijdster-alvarado-voorlopig-niet-in-actie-door-verstoord-bloedbeeld.html</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Greg van Aevermat, 36, pro cyclist, loss of form since vaccine: <a href="https://www.indeleiderstrui.nl/wielrennen/van-avermaet-wijst-naar-vaccin-als-oorzaak-vormdip-op-deze-manier-heeft-wk-geen-zin/amp?__twitter_impression=true" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.indeleiderstrui.nl/wielrennen/van-avermaet-wijst-naar-vaccin-als-oorzaak-vormdip-op-deze-manier-heeft-wk-geen-zin/amp?__twitter_impression=true</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Three young Belgian cyclists suffer heart issues following race: <a href="https://rtv.be/artikels/jonge-kempense-wielrenners-krijgen-hartklachten-na-vaccinatie-a102612" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://rtv.be/artikels/jonge-kempense-wielrenners-krijgen-hartklachten-na-vaccinatie-a102612</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Kamila Label-Farrel, 19, Uni Basketball Star died unexpectedly: <a href="https://www.baytoday.ca/obituaries/lebel-farrell-kamila-3884874" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.baytoday.ca/obituaries/lebel-farrell-kamila-3884874</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Jacob Downey, 19, Queens Uni Hockey player passes away after medical emergency: <a href="https://www.kawartha411.ca/2021/10/01/local-teen-queens-university-student-passed-away-suddenly-after-medical-emergency/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.kawartha411.ca/2021/10/01/local-teen-queens-university-student-passed-away-suddenly-after-medical-emergency/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Christian Eriksen, 29, Collapses at Euros due to heart issue <a href="https://youtu.be/s0B03LSzXvo" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://youtu.be/s0B03LSzXvo</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Josh Archibald, 28, Oilers hockey forward out indefinitely due to myocarditis: <a href="https://www.si.com/hockey/.amp/news/oilers-forward-josh-archibald-out-indefinitely-with-myocarditis" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.si.com/hockey/.amp/news/oilers-forward-josh-archibald-out-indefinitely-with-myocarditis</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Jen Gouveia, 38, suffered cardiac arrest during a run: <a href="https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/husband-of-toronto-mother-who-died-suddenly-on-run-says-he-lost-his-everything-1.5501767" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/husband-of-toronto-mother-who-died-suddenly-on-run-says-he-lost-his-everything-1.5501767</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Kyle Warner, pro BMX cyclist has pericarditis post vaccine: <a href="https://youtu.be/aebtcTi7EaA" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://youtu.be/aebtcTi7EaA</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">16 year old youth suffered cardiac arrest after weightlifting: <a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/16-year-old-suffers-cardiac-arrest-following-strenuous-weightlifting-session-six" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/16-year-old-suffers-cardiac-arrest-following-strenuous-weightlifting-session-six</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Brandon Goodwin, 26, Atlanta Hawks star, career over due to blood clots: <a href="https://www.peachtreehoops.com/2021/10/3/22706769/former-atlanta-hawks-guard-brandon-goodwin-claims-covid-19-vaccine-ended-his-season" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.peachtreehoops.com/2021/10/3/22706769/former-atlanta-hawks-guard-brandon-goodwin-claims-covid-19-vaccine-ended-his-season</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Ewan Fraser, 30, Glasgow hockey player suffered cardiac arrest, passes away: <a href="https://www.thescottishsun.co.uk/news/7832060/glasgow-hockey-player-died-collapse-life/amp/?__twitter_impression=true" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.thescottishsun.co.uk/news/7832060/glasgow-hockey-player-died-collapse-life/amp/?__twitter_impression=true</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">David Jenkins, 31, Olympic silver medalist diver unexpectedly passes away: <a href="https://metro.co.uk/2021/10/12/david-jenkins-dead-at-31-tributes-pour-in-for-team-gb-olympic-diving-coach-15404658/amp/?__twitter_impression=true" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://metro.co.uk/2021/10/12/david-jenkins-dead-at-31-tributes-pour-in-for-team-gb-olympic-diving-coach-15404658/amp/?__twitter_impression=true</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Paul Zisper, 27, Munich basketball pro, has emergency surgery after brain hemorrhage related to J and J: <a href="https://www.fr.de/sport/drama-um-zipser-90801217.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.fr.de/sport/drama-um-zipser-90801217.html</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Filip Ingebrigsten, 28, Norwegian runner suffers loss of form post vaccine: <a href="https://norwaytoday.info/sport/filip-ingebrigtsen-is-back-in-training-after-experiencing-long-corona-vaccination-side-effects/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://norwaytoday.info/sport/filip-ingebrigtsen-is-back-in-training-after-experiencing-long-corona-vaccination-side-effects/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Avi Barot, 29, Saurashtra cricketer suffers cardiac arrest, passes away: <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/young-saurashtra-cricket-player-avi-barot-dies-after-suffering-cardiac-arrest/article37015873.ece" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/young-saurashtra-cricket-player-avi-barot-dies-after-suffering-cardiac-arrest/article37015873.ece</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Abou Ali, 22, professional footballer collapses on pitch during game: <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/football/16118079/footballer-wessam-abou-ali-awake-hospital-collapse/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/football/16118079/footballer-wessam-abou-ali-awake-hospital-collapse/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Fabrice NSakala, 31, Besiktas defender collapses on pitch during game: <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/aug/22/fabrice-nsakala-besiktas-collapse" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/aug/22/fabrice-nsakala-besiktas-collapse</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Jens De Smet, 27, footballer collapses on field, passes away of heart attack: <a href="https://newswep.com/jens-27-collapses-on-the-football-field-and-dies-this-is-not-maldegem/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://newswep.com/jens-27-collapses-on-the-football-field-and-dies-this-is-not-maldegem/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Jente van Genechten, 25, footballer collapses on field due to heart attack: <a href="https://www.sudinfo.be/id411745/article/2021-08-18/25-ans-un-joueur-belge-de-football-fait-un-arret-cardiaque-sur-le-terrain-avant" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.sudinfo.be/id411745/article/2021-08-18/25-ans-un-joueur-belge-de-football-fait-un-arret-cardiaque-sur-le-terrain-avant</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Frederic Lartillot, French footballer collapses in changing room, passes away due to heart attack after game: <a href="https://www.leprogres.fr/culture-loisirs/2021/09/11/deces-d-un-joueur-de-foot-apres-un-match-ses-coequipiers-ont-tout-tente-pour-le-sauver" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.leprogres.fr/culture-loisirs/2021/09/11/deces-d-un-joueur-de-foot-apres-un-match-ses-coequipiers-ont-tout-tente-pour-le-sauver</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Benjamin Taft, 31, German footballer collapses after game, passes away due to heart attack: <a href="https://www.anpfiff.info/mobile/sites/cms/artikel.aspx?SK=2&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;Btr=96044&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;Rub=390" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.anpfiff.info/mobile/sites/cms/artikel.aspx?SK=2&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;Btr=96044&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;Rub=390</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Rune Coghe, 18, Belgian footballer suffers cardiac arrest on pitch: <a href="https://www.sudinfo.be/id409738/article/2021-08-07/rune-jeune-joueur-de-18-ans-secroule-sur-le-terrain-du-rds-plus-le-temps-passe" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.sudinfo.be/id409738/article/2021-08-07/rune-jeune-joueur-de-18-ans-secroule-sur-le-terrain-du-rds-plus-le-temps-passe</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Helen Edwards, referee taken off court during World Cup qualifier due to heart issues: <a href="https://www.rtl.de/cms/dfb-spiel-unterbrochen-linienrichterin-vom-platz-getragen-4834888.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.rtl.de/cms/dfb-spiel-unterbrochen-linienrichterin-vom-platz-getragen-4834888.html</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Dimitri Lienard, 33, FC Strasbourg midfielder collapses during game: <a href="https://madeinfoot.ouest-france.fr/infos/article-rc-strasbourg-dimitri-lienard-a-ete-victime-d-un-malaise-354221.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://madeinfoot.ouest-france.fr/infos/article-rc-strasbourg-dimitri-lienard-a-ete-victime-d-un-malaise-354221.html</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Sergio Aguero, 33, Barecelona star striker admitted to hospital for cardiac exam after match: <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/31/football/sergio-aguero-barcelona-chest-pain-spt-intl/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/31/football/sergio-aguero-barcelona-chest-pain-spt-intl/index.html</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Emil Palsson, 28, Sognal midfielder collapses due to cardiac arrest during game: <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/norway-footballer-emil-palsson-cardiac-arrest-b1949583.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/norway-footballer-emil-palsson-cardiac-arrest-b1949583.html</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Antoine Méchin, 31, French triathlete suffers pulmonary embolism following Moderna: <a href="https://www.sudouest.fr/sport/course-pedestre/triathlon/le-triathlete-saintais-antoine-mechin-met-un-terme-a-sa-saison-et-ne-se-referait-pas-vacciner-si-c-etait-a-refaire-6234090.php" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.sudouest.fr/sport/course-pedestre/triathlon/le-triathlete-saintais-antoine-mechin-met-un-terme-a-sa-saison-et-ne-se-referait-pas-vacciner-si-c-etait-a-refaire-6234090.php</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Luis Ojeda, 20, Argentine football player unexpectedly passes away: <a href="https://www.antena3.com/noticias/deportes/futbol/emotiva-carta-lola-ortiz-muerte-novio-futbolista-luis-ojeda-soporto-idea-volver-ver-verte-nunca-mas_20210426608696616e5d5b0001eb20e9.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.antena3.com/noticias/deportes/futbol/emotiva-carta-lola-ortiz-muerte-novio-futbolista-luis-ojeda-soporto-idea-volver-ver-verte-nunca-mas_20210426608696616e5d5b0001eb20e9.html</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Greg Luyssen, 22, Belgian pro cyclist ends career due to heart issues: <a href="https://kw.be/sport/wielrennen/wielerbelofte-greg-luyssen-22-uit-de-panne-over-gedwongen-afscheid-door-hartprobleem-dat-akelig-gevoel-wil-ik-nooit-meer/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://kw.be/sport/wielrennen/wielerbelofte-greg-luyssen-22-uit-de-panne-over-gedwongen-afscheid-door-hartprobleem-dat-akelig-gevoel-wil-ik-nooit-meer/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Pedro Obiang, 29, ex-West Ham star suffers myocarditis post vaccine: <a href="https://thecovidworld.com/pedro-obiang-29-year-old-professional-footballer-suffers-myocarditis-after-covid-19-vaccine/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://thecovidworld.com/pedro-obiang-29-year-old-professional-footballer-suffers-myocarditis-after-covid-19-vaccine/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Cienna Knowles, 19, equestrian star hospitalized due to blood clots: <a href="https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/teen-equestrian-star-cienna-knowles-hospitalised-with-blood-clots-after-pfizer-vaccine/news-story/286e7cd42e896b091e4b257322296a05" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/teen-equestrian-star-cienna-knowles-hospitalised-with-blood-clots-after-pfizer-vaccine/news-story/286e7cd42e896b091e4b257322296a05</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Boise pro mountain biker Kyle Warner tells about his vaccine journey: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aebtcTi7EaA" style="background-color: transparent;">Big Health Update / Checking In - YouTube</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0.85em 0px;">Boris Sadecky, 24, Slovak hockey player dies of heart attack during hockey game: <a href="https://www.rt.com/sport/539312-bruno-sadecki-hockey-player-khl-death/" rel="nofollow" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #367bb7; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.rt.com/sport/539312-bruno-sadecki-hockey-player-khl-death/</a></p></div>--></p></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-22891784310110757632021-12-16T17:37:00.010-08:002022-06-06T11:56:48.424-07:00Cutaneous manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 vaccines<p> <span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;">COVID-19 is associated with a wide range of skin signs. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/7801998/bin/drm-0001-g01.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="788" height="300" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/7801998/bin/drm-0001-g01.jpg" width="642" /></a><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"></span></div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/ee0355eb-71a4-4882-b0c9-b8557ecfc2c9/jmv26513-fig-0001-m.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="364" height="200" src="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/ee0355eb-71a4-4882-b0c9-b8557ecfc2c9/jmv26513-fig-0001-m.png" width="146" /></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;">The following six main clinical patterns have been proposed for such manifestations most recently: (i) <b>urticarial rash</b>, (ii) confluent <b>erythematous/maculopapular/morbilliform rash</b>, (iii) <b>papulovesicular exanthem</b>, (iv) <b>chilblain-like</b> acral pattern, (v) <b>livedo reticularis/racemosa-like pattern</b>, and (vi) <b>purpuric "vasculitic" pattern</b>. Livedo or necrosis - blotchy red or blue appearance with a net-like pattern - was associated with increased disease severity while measles-like (morbilliform) rash was generally seen in patients with moderate to severe infection (like in the patient shown on the left who died) and pseudo-chilblains, a late sign of COVID-19, was associated with decreased severity and more likely to happen for younger patients. The median duration of chiblain-like acral pattern, however, was significantly longer that all other patterns. One study of 200 patients found the following frequencies of these signs:</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"> 10.2% for Urticarial rash; 25.7% for confluent erythematous/maculo-papular/morbilliform rash; 15.5% for papulovesicular exanthem, 24.6% for a chilblain-like acral pattern; 2.1% for a livedo reticularis/racemosa-like pattern; and 6.9% for a purpuric vasculitic pattern. 15% of skin patterns were not clearly classified while 6.5% had more than one pattern present.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><p>
The prevalence of cutaneous involvement was 7.8% in a binational Chinese-Italian cohort of 678 hospitalized adults with laboratory-confirmed disease. Dermatologic reactions after COVID-19 vaccines have been also reported and can mimic SARS-CoV-2 infection itself (eg, pernio/chilblains). The prevalence was the highest after the 2nd dose of mRNA-1273 (over 12% in Moderna), although only 1-2% experienced it with ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine (AstraZeneca).</p><p>Delayed large local reactions were most common among vaccinees, followed by local injection site reactions, urticarial eruptions, and morbilliform eruptions. In a study of 414 people, forty-three percent of patients with first-dose reactions experienced second-dose recurrence. Additional less-common reactions included pernio/chilblains, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jdv.17925">dyshidrotic eczema</a>, psoriasiform dermatitis, cosmetic filler reactions, zoster, herpes simplex flares, and pityriasis rosea-like reactions. </p><p>Some of more serious reactions could be exacerbation of Erythema multiforme. It mostly happens in mild form of a sudden rash that goes away in a few weeks but could progress to larger raised patches that look like a target or "bulls-eye" and may have a blister or crust. Relapses of <a href="https://new.aurametrix.com/2022/03/rare-autoimmune-skin-condition-after.html">autoimmune bullous disease</a> have been also reported
as well as new onset <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8250777/">Lichen planus</a>, <a href="https://new.aurametrix.com/2022/03/immune-complex-vasculitis-after-covid.html">immune complex vasculitis</a> or flares of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. </p><p>Morphologic misclassification is, however, possible. </p><p><br /></p></span></div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;">REFERENCES</span><p></p><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Tan SW, Tam YC, Oh CC. Skin manifestations of COVID-19: A worldwide review. JAAD international. 2021 Mar 1;2:119-33.</span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Slimani Y, Abbassi R, El Fatoiki FZ, Barrou L, Chiheb S. Systemic lupus erythematosus and varicella‐like rash following COVID‐19 in a previously healthy patient. Journal of Medical Virology. 2021 Feb;93(2):1184-7.</span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Genovese G, Moltrasio C, Berti E, Marzano AV. Skin manifestations associated with COVID-19: current knowledge and future perspectives. Dermatology. 2021 Jan 1:1-2. </span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Marzano AV, Genovese G, Moltrasio C, Gaspari V, Vezzoli P, Maione V, Misciali C, Sena P, Patrizi A, Offidani A, Quaglino P. The clinical spectrum of COVID-19–associated cutaneous manifestations: An Italian multicenter study of 200 adult patients. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2021 May 1;84(5):1356-63. </span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Bogdanov G, Bogdanov I, Kazandjieva J, Tsankov N. Cutaneous adverse effects of the available COVID-19 vaccines. Clinics in Dermatology. 2021 Apr 27.</span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Rice SM, Ferree SD, Mesinkovska NA, Kourosh AS. The art of prevention: COVID-19 vaccine preparedness for the dermatologist. International journal of women's dermatology. 2021 Jan 12.</span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-7090168033490421802021-11-26T17:17:00.015-08:002021-12-15T11:29:53.729-08:00The Omicron On 26 November 2021, WHO designated the variant B.1.1.529 a variant of concern, named Omicron. It is associated with substantial ability to evade immunity from prior infection. But many important questions about this variant's severity remain unanswered.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.aurametrix.com/images/Studies/COVID/omicron-mutations.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="156" data-original-width="800" height="62" src="https://www.aurametrix.com/images/Studies/COVID/omicron-mutations.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>Omicron has more than 30 mutations in the spike protein targeted by COVID-19 vaccines. H655Y (Histidine at position 655 substituted by Tyrosine; first detected in Brazil) was previously shown to confer escape from human monoclonal antibodies. Another mutation borrowed from Gamma variant, N679K, may also increase infectivity.<br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.aurametrix.com/images/Studies/COVID/omicron-mutations-3d.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="640" height="361" src="https://www.aurametrix.com/images/Studies/COVID/omicron-mutations-3d.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.aurametrix.com/images/Studies/COVID/Spike-Neutralizing.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="716" height="334" src="https://www.aurametrix.com/images/Studies/COVID/Spike-Neutralizing.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p>Cases <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/omicron-variant.html">in US</a>: </p><p><a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/01/health/us-omicron-variant-confirmed-case/index.html">California man</a> who returned from South Africa mild (was fully vaccinated)</p><p><a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/12/02/omicron-variant-covid-infection-confirmed-minnesota-us/8837260002/">Minnesota man</a> who recently traveled to NYC for a 3-day anime festival - mild (was fully vaccinated)</p><p>New York already had cases by that time one of which was a traveler returning from South Africa, 10 cases identified by December 5</p><p><a href="https://dhhs.ne.gov/Pages/Nebraska-Identifies-the-COVID-19-Omicron-Variant.aspx">Nebraska man</a> who brought it from Nigeria and passed it to 5 other people, only one of whom was vaccinated</p><p><a href="https://www.nbc15.com/2021/12/05/first-case-omicron-found-wisconsin-gov-evers-urges-vaccination/">Wisconsin man</a> tested positive for Omicron after a recent trip to South Africa </p><p>The 1st Hawaii case is a 65 with no history of travel outside state who already had COVID-19 before. </p>A middle-aged woman who recently traveled from South Africa became both New Jersey and Georgia’s first confirmed case after seeking care for moderate symptoms at an emergency room. <p><a href="https://twitter.com/pieterstreicher/status/1469743334453297154">640 deaths</a> since Omicron dominant in South Africa</p><p>1st death <a href="https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/covid-19-uk-confirms-first-omicron-death/ar-AARLjCk">confirmed in UK</a> on Dec. 13 2021</p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCES</p><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">Juliet R.C. Pulliam, Cari van Schalkwyk, Nevashan Govender, Anne von Gottberg, Cheryl Cohen, Michelle J. Groome, Jonathan Dushoff, Koleka Mlisana, Harry Moultrie </span><span style="background-color: white;">Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of the Omicron variant in South Africa </span><span style="background-color: white;">medRxiv 2021.11.11.21266068; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.11.21266068 </span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Rapp M, Shapiro L, Frank J. Contributions of single-particle cryoelectron microscopy toward fighting COVID-19. Trends in biochemical sciences.:S0968-0004.</span><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">Liu L., et al. Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike. </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span class="ref-journal" style="font-style: italic;">Nature. </span>2020;<span class="ref-vol">584</span>:450–456.</span></span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div></div></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-55720569300942847472021-08-12T10:12:00.014-07:002021-12-16T08:17:31.588-08:00August 12<div><span style="font-size: medium;">When we thought COVID-19 was over, as more individuals were vaccinated against the deadly virus, the fourth wave of the pandemic struck, fueling a rise in breakthrough infections. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HzL09TbIkSY/YTPlF-lBiEI/AAAAAAAADVA/vD0-SEfBIcYbAshQUxeu2DaWKwEUOPARgCLcBGAsYHQ/s480/angel.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="449" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HzL09TbIkSY/YTPlF-lBiEI/AAAAAAAADVA/vD0-SEfBIcYbAshQUxeu2DaWKwEUOPARgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/angel.gif" width="299" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div><span style="font-size: medium;">We have documented several cases of fatal breakthrough infections. Publishing it is not easy because of many biases. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Science has been always linked to the politics of society. Current political polarization hinders not only effective COVID-19 pandemic mitigation measures but also impedes research on side effects of vaccines and fatal breakthrough infections in healthy individuals. Social media fuels the divide encouraging toxic discussion, favoring rude and disrespectful comments. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Publishing bias is another issue since scientific journals prefer to publish positive results discriminating against negative or null results. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">But we have many documented cases from the <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.21256779v2">COVID-back-to-normal study</a> and information about </span><span style="font-size: medium;">other</span> <span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/virtual-cemetery/1184223?orderby=ra&page=1#sr-231598221">COVID victims</a> from genealogy and other sources</span><span style="font-size: medium;">. Let the truth be told. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;">REFERENCES</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Berkessel J, Ebert T, Gebauer J, Jonsson T, Oishi S. Pandemics Initially Spread Among People of High (not Low) Social Status: Evidence from COVID-19 and the Spanish Flu. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">PsyArXiv, 12 Jan. 2021. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">[example of using genealogy sites for medical research]</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Gabashvili IS. Community-Based Phenotypic Study of Safety, Tolerability, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Emergency-Use-Authorized Vaccines Against COVID-19 and Viral Shedding Potential of Post-Vaccination Infections: Protocol for an Ambispective study. medRxiv. 2021 Jun 1. medRxiv 2021.06.28.21256779; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.28.21256779</span></span></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-15862836080586142552021-04-01T18:14:00.006-07:002021-04-03T18:10:53.129-07:00Laughter as MedicineThe pandemics is not over, but should we pause the jokes? Research shows, we shouldn't, as humor makes us feel better. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e8OxyyFJyu4/YGYZ1NkBOtI/AAAAAAAADMY/Jd_p0A99PPQQxxtqgTAS6aT8SnjtWLynwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1856/duolingo_roll.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="888" data-original-width="1856" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e8OxyyFJyu4/YGYZ1NkBOtI/AAAAAAAADMY/Jd_p0A99PPQQxxtqgTAS6aT8SnjtWLynwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/duolingo_roll.png" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div>Language learning is hard, so we made it soft, said Duolingo in their April 1st announcement of a new product - toilet papers that turns your bathroom into a classroom. “The average human spends 14 minutes every day sitting on a toilet, - explained Duolingo, - Yet, our work shows that it only takes 5 minutes a day to learn a new language. Our learning scientists have systematically engineered a new bottom-up approach to language acquisition.” <div><br /></div><div>Toilet humor is not my favorite kind of joke … But it’s a solid number two.<br /><br />In 2020, coronavirus jokes - including jokes about toilet paper - were spreading almost as fact as the virus itself. Such a response is not new - as seen from the art associated with the cholera pandemics and other cataclysmic events. Humor, especially the self-enhancing style (vs self-defeating type), was shown to positively correlate with engagement in protective behaviors and negatively correlate with stress and hopelessness. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://preview.redd.it/agnx2rxsmiq61.png?width=640&crop=smart&auto=webp&s=c4fd291432cae731de8a98d914850cdcb685870b" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="614" height="400" src="https://preview.redd.it/agnx2rxsmiq61.png?width=640&crop=smart&auto=webp&s=c4fd291432cae731de8a98d914850cdcb685870b" width="308" /></a></div><div>Laughter is used therapeutically in health care. According to experts in humor physiology or "gelotology," by aiding ventilation and clearing mucosal plugs, laughter can help those afflicted with chronic obstructive lung disease. It can increase arterial and venous circulation, causing an increased movement of oxygen to tissues. </div><div><br /></div><div>Fortunately, not everybody today was as boring as Google. Consumer electronics company Monoprice advertised their new sit-squat desk to "boost productivity by improving comfort and well-being through posture and proper leg day routines”. There were jokes from emergency medicine physicians (on the left), programmers (<a href="https://twitter.com/ptkaster/status/1377427814052335618">stack overflow limiting copy-paste of code</a>), <a href="https://www.anekdot.ru/i/caricatures/normal/21/4/2/1617351376.jpg">furniture</a> and food companies (smoup - new soup and smoothie food), journalists (digging new Suez2 canal), policemen (<a href="https://twitter.com/SAPoliceNews/status/1377374585964822528?s=20">new drone-mounted dachshund dog squad</a>), and <a href="https://www.instagram.com/tv/CNHEDHwlugh/?igshid=j28owirh3dca">military</a>. You can find a few more on reddit <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/OutOfTheLoop/comments/mhn73c/april_fools_day_megathread_2021/">megatrend</a>. </div><div><br /></div><div>Laugh your way to better health.</div><div><br /></div><div>REFERENCES<br /><div><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Olah AR, Hempelmann CF. Humor in the age of coronavirus: a recapitulation and a call to action. HUMOR. 2021 Mar 17.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Olah AR, Ford TE. Humor styles predict emotional and behavioral responses to COVID-19. HUMOR. 2021 Mar 22.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Sebba-Elran T. A pandemic of jokes? The Israeli Covid meme and the construction of a collective response to risk. HUMOR. 2021 Mar 22.</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Chiodo CP, Broughton KK, Michalski MP. Caution: wit and humor during the COVID-19 pandemic.</span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Chłopicki W, Brzozowska D. Sophisticated humor against Covid: the Polish case. HUMOR. 2021 Mar 22.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Kao A. April Fool's Day and the Medicinal Value of Humor. AMA Journal of Ethics. 2000 Apr 1;2(4):34.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Sebba-Elran T. A pandemic of jokes? The Israeli Covid meme and the construction of a collective response to risk. HUMOR. 2021 Mar 22.</span></span></span></span></p></div></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-67396009020721869772021-03-28T19:39:00.007-07:002022-02-22T14:03:27.643-08:00AI for Eyes Ophthalmology is dominated by imaging. Volumetric, three dimensional (3D) ophthalmic imaging using optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized assessment of the eye and artificial intelligence (AI) improved clinical decision-making.
Current commercial OCT instruments, especially spectral domain (SD) OCT, are widely used in diagnosis and management of patients with retinal diseases.
Yet, standard 2D cross-sectional images of the retina, that remain the most commonly used OCT images and can be even taken by patients themselves, using smartphone apps, can also provide valuable information utilizing AI models. <div><br /></div><div>Fundus photography - serial photographs of the interior of the eye (opposite the lens)</div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://eyewiki.aao.org/w/images/1/b/bc/Figure_1_Base_position_setup.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="720" height="113" src="https://eyewiki.aao.org/w/images/1/b/bc/Figure_1_Base_position_setup.jpeg" width="200" /></a></div>taken through the pupil by low-power microscope can help to examine optic disc, retina, and lens. With the drastic improvement in smartphone optics, <a href="https://eyewiki.aao.org/Smartphone_Funduscopy-How_to_use_smartphone_to_take_fundus_photographs">smartphone fundoscopy </a>has been used with increasing frequency since 2010. Machine learning, particularly deep learning, could analyze millions of such images, to identify and quantify pathological features in almost every ophthalmic disease. Even more, it can detect other health conditions such as hypertension, stroke risk, heart disease, and diabetes. </div><div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1350946218300119-gr15.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="667" height="307" src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1350946218300119-gr15.jpg" width="624" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Using deep learning models, systolic blood pressure could be detected as hypertensive with 60% accuracy (Dai t al., 2020) or within 11 mmHg, major cardiac adverse events with accuracy 70% (Poplin et al., 2018) and glaucoma predicted with 96% accuracy (Gheisari et al, 2021). </div><div><br /></div><div>The <a href="http://www.image-net.org/">ImageNet </a>dataset - a very large collection of human annotated photographs (over 14 mln) - is a good starting point for obtaining a model that performs well in recognizing retinal images. A well-known class of deep neural networks - such as a successful CNN trained on ImageNet can be applied to a retinal dataset, and another classifier learns to work with CNN-encoded features - the method known as transfer learning. Deep learning can be also combined with traditional machine learning methods and fine-tuning approaches. However, many retinal health variables, such as intraocular pressure, cannot be yet adequately predicted from clinical parameters or retinal photographs even using state-of-art molecular learning or deep learning techniques (Ishii et al., 2021). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33402366/">Only one</a> out of three AI-based algorithms designed to detect diabetic retinopathy was able to outperform human screeners. Possibly, we just need more data. But we might be also needing new models. </div><div><br /></div><div>Three principal applications of AI for image analysis are classification, segmentation and prediction. Automated image segmentation and classification can be done without AI methods, just by applying a set of mathematical functions on the content of an image and classic ML approaches like SVM or random forest. Deep learning approaches could enhance these tasks. One of newer deep learning techniques, generative adversarial network (GAN), can greatly improve resolution of images (super resolution (SR) estimation from a low-resolution counterpart) and image segmentation. GANs can be also used to synthesize images with various eye pathologies, increasing accuracy of classification tasks. </div><div><br /></div><div>Thanks to the advances in AI and smart portable or home devices, the future of medicine, including teleophthalmology, is truly exciting. </div><div><br /></div><div>REFERENCES</div><div><br /></div><div>Schmidt-Erfurth U, Sadeghipour A, Gerendas BS, Waldstein SM, Bogunović H. Artificial intelligence in retina. Progress in retinal and eye research. 2018 Nov 1;67:1-29. </div><div><br /></div>Gheisari S, Shariflou S, Phu J, Kennedy PJ, Agar A, Kalloniatis M, Golzan SM. A combined convolutional and recurrent neural network for enhanced glaucoma detection. Scientific reports. 2021 Jan 21;11(1):1-1.<div><br /></div><div>Poplin R, Varadarajan AV, Blumer K, Liu Y, McConnell MV, Corrado GS, Peng L, Webster DR. Prediction of cardiovascular risk factors from retinal fundus photographs via deep learning. Nature Biomedical Engineering. 2018 Mar;2(3):158-64.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dai G, He W, Xu L, Pazo EE, Lin T, Liu S, Zhang C. Exploring the effect of hypertension on retinal microvasculature using deep learning on East Asian population. PloS one. 2020 Mar 5;15(3):e0230111.</div><div><br /></div><div>Ishii K, Asaoka R, Omoto T, Mitaki S, Fujino Y, Murata H, Onoda K, Nagai A, Yamaguchi S, Obana A, Tanito M. Predicting intraocular pressure using systemic variables or fundus photography with deep learning in a health examination cohort. Scientific Reports. 2021 Feb 11;11(1):1-0.</div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-41168374102296637072020-12-26T16:55:00.007-08:002020-12-27T06:41:35.902-08:00Genes and microbes<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif;">The body’s assortment of microorganisms </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, stixgeneral, serif;"><span>depends on what we eat, drugs we take, the stress we are subjected to and the environment we interact with (eg, the infamous </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, stixgeneral, serif;"><span>SARS-CoV-2 virus</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif;">). Yet genes also have their say.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JNLve0-X_2I/X-fL5WsVtYI/AAAAAAAADCs/Pg1NHrXwAUQrrjfZtMxlpB4JEshZ5D-uwCLcBGAsYHQ/s375/goodrichvisualabstract.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="375" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JNLve0-X_2I/X-fL5WsVtYI/AAAAAAAADCs/Pg1NHrXwAUQrrjfZtMxlpB4JEshZ5D-uwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/goodrichvisualabstract.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, stixgeneral, serif;"><span>In a study of 977 twins in UK, the most heritable taxonomic group of bacteria was found to be Christensenellaceae (Goodrich et al, 2014). These bacteria is present in higher amounts in genetically-lean individuals. It encourages growth of other microbes connected to body weight and energy conservation such as </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif;">methanogenic Archaea.</span><p></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif;">A study of over 1500 healthy individuals in Canada (Turpin et al, 2016), associated another abundant bacteria </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif;">Faecalibacterium with </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif;">immune system gene </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, stixgeneral, serif;"><span>CNTN6 (rs1394174</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif;">), and linked several other genes and bacteria of minor clinical importance (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif;">rs59846192 of DMRTB1 - Lachnospira, rs28473221 of SALL3 - Eubacterium, ), </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, stixgeneral, serif;"><span>rs62171178 nearest UBR3 - Rikenellaceae).</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif;">A new paper </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, stixgeneral, serif;"><span><a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.417642v1.abstract">posted this month on BioRxiv</a>, reports results of a larger genome-wide association study performed for 7,738 individuals from the northern Netherlands.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, stixgeneral, serif;"><span>The authors investigated 5.5 million common genetic variants </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif;">using linear mixed models on hundreds of bacterial groups and pathways. P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif;">otential confounders such as medication usage, anthropometric data and stool characteristics were carefully considered along with dietary information. </span></p><p>The strongest associations were identified in intronic regions of genes. In particular, between rs182549 in intronic region of the MCM6 gene and Bifidobacteria. This SNP <a href="https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs182549">was found to be responsible for lactose intolerance</a> in European population. And so was Bifidobacteria - the most researched and most effective probiotic against lactose intolerance.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6rdJrkunnHw/X-fcwBoKZlI/AAAAAAAADDI/1g87PTur6eAzvjkfyJf66z_FJc0FzwuKgCLcBGAsYHQ/s323/collinsela.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="156" data-original-width="323" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6rdJrkunnHw/X-fcwBoKZlI/AAAAAAAADDI/1g87PTur6eAzvjkfyJf66z_FJc0FzwuKgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/collinsela.png" width="320" /></a></div>Another interesting microbe Collinsella and its family Coriobacteriaceae, associated with rheumatoid arthritis, cholesterol metabolism and leaky gut, was linked to several SNPs regulating genes responsible for the blood group antigens. <a href="https://aurametrix.com/blog/microbiome-blood-type">Blood types does matter. </a><p>Genetic factors might influence our preferences of vegetables, fruit, starchy foods, meat, fish, dairy and snacks. The Dutch study confirmed an earlier finding that rs642387, a genetic variation near genes influencing brain function, is linked to microbial family Rikenellaceae. The paper found that these bacteria, when present in large numbers in the gut, led to decreased consumption of salt. They also showed that an increase in the bacterial pathway of histidine degradation led to increased intake of processed meat.</p><p>The paper provides a wealth of information and comes with a lot of supplementary material.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px;">REEFERENES</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Goodrich JK, Waters JL, Poole AC, Sutter JL, Koren O, Blekhman R, Beaumont M, Van Treuren W, Knight R, Bell JT, Spector TD. Human genetics shape the gut microbiome. Cell. 2014 Nov 6;159(4):789-99.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px;"> </span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Turpin W, Espin-Garcia O, Xu W, Silverberg MS, Kevans D, Smith MI, Guttman DS, Griffiths A, Panaccione R, Otley A, Xu L. Association of host genome with intestinal microbial composition in a large healthy cohort. Nature genetics. 2016 Nov;48(11):1413.</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Lopera-Maya EA, Kurilshikov A, van der Graaf A, Hu S, Andreu-Sánchez S, Chen L, Vila AV, Gacesa R, Sinha T, Collij V, Klaassen MA. Effect of host genetics on the gut microbiome in 7,738 participants of the Dutch Microbiome Project. bioRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.</span></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-50403030734209728902020-03-02T13:28:00.000-08:002020-04-16T13:29:33.870-07:00Sorry I did not quite get that, try again<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "neue helvetica w01" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">The holy grail of AI is to fully understand human language in all its nuances. To do that, it should be able to assess, extract and evaluate information from textual data. Were are we now in 2020? </span><br />
<a href="https://aurametrix.com/blog/ainlp.html"><img alt=" more" border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3ENzMlOIeRk/V-dc5uAHejI/AAAAAAAABnw/Z-44hh0huUc3G7VBwdvvsqC-t-GXCZbwQCLcB/s1600/482519473.png" style="border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.098) 1px 1px 5px; color: #ff3300; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-88328045265403493022019-10-30T17:26:00.000-07:002019-12-17T17:27:35.543-08:00Correlations and Interpretations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">reproduced from </span><a href="https://aurametrix.com/blog/confounders.html" style="background-color: white; color: #674ea7; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;">Aurametrix blog</a><br />
<br />
We all know that “correlation does not imply causation.” Correlation means X and Y change together, while causation means X makes Y happen. But - as there's a grain of truth in every joke -<br />
seemingly unrelated factors could always be related on some level.<br />
<br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><th><a href="hhttps://miro.medium.com/max/960/1*Bdc-N1WhUlolPpr6wO_iaw.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="480" height="192" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/960/1*Bdc-N1WhUlolPpr6wO_iaw.png" width="320" /></a></th><th></th><th><a href="https://img.buzzfeed.com/buzzfeed-static/static/enhanced/webdr05/2013/4/9/15/enhanced-buzz-1676-1365534330-0.jpg?downsize=700%3A%2A&output-quality=auto&output-format=auto&output-quality=auto&output-format=auto&downsize=360:*" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="459" data-original-width="667" height="219" src="https://img.buzzfeed.com/buzzfeed-static/static/enhanced/webdr05/2013/4/9/15/enhanced-buzz-1676-1365534330-0.jpg?downsize=700%3A%2A&output-quality=auto&output-format=auto&output-quality=auto&output-format=auto&downsize=360:*" width="320" /></a></th></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In the case of ice cream sales correlated with drowning death or homicides, the connection is the weather. While soup sales increase during the cold winter months, ice cream sales go up when the temperatures rise. On a nice sunny day more people go for a swim or enjoy the outdoors where there is a wider selection of victims for predators. The most important factor contributing to summer fires is also heat.<br />
<br />
The heat wave is an example of a hidden or unseen variable, also known as a confounding variable.<br />
<br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><th><a href="https://www.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/1/7/57177541/525569023_orig.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="480" height="192" src="https://www.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/1/7/57177541/525569023_orig.png" width="320" /></a></th><th></th><th><a href="https://cdn.lifehack.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/15054306/Screen-Shot-2017-08-15-at-5.42.54-PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="480" height="192" src="https://cdn.lifehack.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/15054306/Screen-Shot-2017-08-15-at-5.42.54-PM.png" width="320" /></a></th></tr>
</tbody></table>
A clinical study might lack control variables - such as the use of placebo. Besides, all possible error sources can't be controlled. But we could reduce the amount of error if we identify all of the possible confounding variables, by a clear understanding of their implications.<br />
<br />
How to identify a confounder? By checking if potential confounding factors are associated with both outcome and exposure variables then comparing associations before and after adjusting for it.<br />
<br />
Here is an example. <span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "stixgeneral" , serif; font-size: 15.9991px;">Let's assume we studied 100 MEBO patients that experience symptoms after stress and other triggers and 100 patients in remission tolerant to MEBO triggers. 48 participants experienced stress (30 active state, 18 remission) and 152 participants were exposed to low-to-moderate amount of alcohol (82 out of them were in remission). The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of experiencing symptoms after stress was 1.95 which means that likelihood for flareups was almost twice higher after stress compared to consumption of alcohol)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "stixgeneral" , serif; font-size: 15.9991px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3 style="color: #724128; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 1.2856em 0px 0.6428em;">
Table 1</h3>
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<div id="__p34" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Number of flareups after triggers</div>
</div>
<div class="xtable" data-largeobj-link-rid="largeobj_idm139749792402832" data-largeobj="" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px; max-height: 80vh; overflow: auto;">
<table class="rendered small default_table" frame="box" rules="rows" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both; font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; margin: 1.3846em 0px;"><thead style="border: none;">
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 0px;"><th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Trigger</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">MEBO symptoms flareup, no. (%)</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom"></th></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Flareup</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">No flareup</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Total</th></tr>
</thead><tbody style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);">
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 0px;"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">Stress</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">30 (63)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">18 (37)</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">48</td></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">Alcohol</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">70 (46)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">82 (54)</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">152</td></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">Total</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">100</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">100</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">200</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="tblwrap-foot" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 0.8461em; margin: 1.3846em 0px;">
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<div class="p p-first-last" id="__p35" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
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<div class="MathJax_Display" style="margin: 1em 0em; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; position: relative; width: 616.364px;">
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clip: rect(0.658em, 1017.5em, 3.102em, -999.977em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.202em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-2" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-3" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-4" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">Unadjusted odds ratio</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-5" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.301em; 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padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.274em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-11" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-12" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">70</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-13" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.241em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">×</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-14" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.241em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">18</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.996em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0.837em, 1003.38em, 1.254em, -999.977em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.308em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 3.4em;"></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-15" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.301em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">=</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-16" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.301em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">1.95</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.208em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.664em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.957em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "stixgeneral" , serif; font-size: 15.9991px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "stixgeneral" , serif; font-size: 15.9991px;">Now we need to find out whether a specific factor, say Bacteria-X, is related to response to stress and/or alcohol. By looking at </span>Table 2<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "stixgeneral" , serif; font-size: 15.9991px;">, we see that 50% of the patients with flareups and 20% of the patients in remission have detectable levels of this bacteria in their gut.</span><br />
<h3 style="color: #724128; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 1.2856em 0px 0.6428em;">
Table 2</h3>
<div class="caption" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px;">
<div id="__p36" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Distribution of wound infection cases and controls by Bacteria-X status</div>
</div>
<div class="xtable" data-largeobj-link-rid="largeobj_idm139749795094048" data-largeobj="" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px; max-height: 80vh; overflow: auto;">
<table class="rendered small default_table" frame="box" rules="rows" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both; font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; margin: 1.3846em 0px;"><thead style="border: none;">
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 0px;"><th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Have Bacteria X</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Experiencing flareups</th></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Yes</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">No</th></tr>
</thead><tbody style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);">
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 0px;"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">No</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">50</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">80</td></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">Yes</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">50</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">20</td></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">Total</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">100</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div id="__p13" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
It seems that, with a ratio of 2.5, Bacteria-X is related to flaareups in response to stress or alcohol. Now we need to understand if this bacteria is acting up in stress vs alcohol conditions. Table 3 shows the relation between Bacteria-X and type of trigger for 200 patients. Of 70 patients with Bacteria-X, 35 (50%) were exposed to high stress and of 130 patients that don't have bacteria-X, 13 (10%) experienced high stress. Thus, with a ratio of 5.0, we clearly observe that patients with bacteria-X were more likely than patients without bacteria-X to experience stress. At this point, it seems that Bacteria-X is related to both stress and alcohol triggers.</div>
<div class="table-wrap table anchored whole_rhythm" id="t2-0550132" style="background-color: #fffcf0; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 195, 175); clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px; margin: 1.3846em 0px; padding: 1.3846em;">
<h3 style="color: #724128; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 1.2856em 0px 0.6428em;">
Table 3</h3>
<div class="caption">
<div id="__p37" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Relation between type of MEBO trigger and presence of Bacteria-X</div>
</div>
<div class="xtable" data-largeobj-link-rid="largeobj_idm139749830263344" data-largeobj="" style="clear: both; max-height: 80vh; overflow: auto;">
<table class="rendered small default_table" frame="box" rules="rows" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both; font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; margin: 1.3846em 0px;"><thead style="border: none;">
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 0px;"><th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Bacteria-X present</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Total</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Appendectomy, no. (%)</th></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Stress</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Alcohol</th></tr>
</thead><tbody style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);">
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 0px;"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">No</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">130</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">13 (10)</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">117 (90)</td></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">Yes</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">70</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">35 (50)</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">35 (50)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tsec sec" id="__sec2" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px;">
<div class="p p-last" id="__p14" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Second, we need to calculate the adjusted OR and compare it with the unadjusted OR. We first stratify study population to patients with and without bacteria X. Within each stratum, a contingency (2 × 2) table is created and the OR is calculated (Table 4). When we calculate the OR separately for patients with and without bacteria-X, we find that the OR is 1 in each stratum, indicating the lack of association between flareup and type of stress. We could conclude that the unadjusted OR of 1.95 in Table 1 was owing to the unbalanced distribution of those with bacteria-X in their gut microbiome between cases and controls. Thus, in this example, bacteria-X was a confounder, and the association between stress and MEBO symptoms flareup was spurious.</div>
<div class="table-wrap table anchored whole_rhythm" id="t4-0550132" style="background-color: #fffcf0; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 195, 175); clear: both; margin: 1.3846em 0px; padding: 1.3846em;">
<h3 style="color: #724128; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 1.2856em 0px 0.6428em;">
Table 4</h3>
<div class="caption">
<div id="__p38" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Calculation of odds ratio after stratifying by presence of bacteria X</div>
</div>
<div class="xtable" data-largeobj-link-rid="largeobj_idm139749830087552" data-largeobj="" style="clear: both; max-height: 80vh; overflow: auto;">
<table class="rendered small default_table" frame="box" rules="rows" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both; font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; margin: 1.3846em 0px;"><thead style="border: none;">
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 0px;"><th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Bacteria-X; stress</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">MEBO flareup, no. (%)</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Total</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Adjusted odds ratio</th></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">Yes</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;" valign="bottom">No</th></tr>
</thead><tbody style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);">
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 0px;"><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">No</td></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top"> High</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">5 (38)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">8 (62)</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">13</td><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;" valign="middle"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: #888888;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 10.5587px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="mm3" overflow="scroll" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 9.239em;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 13.0928px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7.452em;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1.135em, 1007.43em, 2.804em, -999.977em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.202em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-18" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-19" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-20" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.122em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.731em;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.34em, 1001.59em, 4.174em, -999.977em); left: 11.3258px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.831em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.407em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-21" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-22" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">5</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-23" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">×</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-24" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">72</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.996em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.34em, 1001.59em, 4.174em, -999.977em); left: 11.3258px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.831em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.572em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-25" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-26" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">45</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-27" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">×</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-28" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">8</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.996em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0.837em, 1001.71em, 1.254em, -999.977em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.308em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.731em;"></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-29" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.301em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">=</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-30" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.301em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.122em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.195em;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.34em, 1001.06em, 4.174em, -999.977em); left: 7.82197px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.533em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.407em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-31" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-32" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">360</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.996em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.34em, 1001.06em, 4.174em, -999.977em); left: 7.82197px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.533em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.572em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-33" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-34" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">360</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.996em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0.837em, 1001.17em, 1.254em, -999.977em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.308em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.195em;"></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-35" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.301em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">=</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-36" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.301em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">1.0</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.208em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.777em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.587em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span></td></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top"> Low</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">45 (38)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">72 (62)</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">117</td></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top"> Total</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">50</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">80</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">130</td></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">Yes</td></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top"> High</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">25 (71)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">10 (29)</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">35</td><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;" valign="middle"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: #888888;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 10.5587px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="mm4" overflow="scroll" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 9.716em;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 13.0928px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7.809em;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1.135em, 1007.79em, 2.804em, -999.977em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.202em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-38" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-39" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-40" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.122em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.089em;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.34em, 1001.95em, 4.174em, -999.977em); left: 13.6742px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.95em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.407em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-41" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-42" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">25</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-43" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">×</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-44" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">10</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.996em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.34em, 1001.95em, 4.174em, -999.977em); left: 13.6742px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.95em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.572em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-45" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-46" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">25</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-47" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">×</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-48" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">10</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.996em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0.837em, 1002.07em, 1.254em, -999.977em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.308em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 2.089em;"></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-49" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.301em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">=</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-50" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.301em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.122em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.195em;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.34em, 1001.06em, 4.174em, -999.977em); left: 7.82197px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.533em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.407em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-51" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-52" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">250</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.996em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.34em, 1001.06em, 4.174em, -999.977em); left: 7.82197px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.533em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.572em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-53" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-54" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 9.25663px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">250</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.996em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0.837em, 1001.17em, 1.254em, -999.977em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.308em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.195em;"></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-55" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.301em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">=</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-56" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: "mathjax_main"; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.301em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;">1.0</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.208em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.777em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.587em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span></td></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top"> Low</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">25 (71)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">10 (29)</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">35</td></tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);"><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top"> Total</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">50</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">20</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border: none; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;" valign="top">70</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tsec sec" id="__sec3" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", stixgeneral, serif; font-size: 15.9991px;">
<h2 class="head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix" id="__sec3title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(151, 176, 200); color: #985735; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1111em; margin: 1.125em 0px 0px; min-height: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "stixgeneral" , serif; font-size: 15.9991px;">Confounding can be dealt with at the stage of study design (before collecting the data) or at the stage of data analysis (after collecting the data). The commonly used methods to control for confounding factors and improve internal validity are randomization, restriction, matching, stratification, multi-variable regression analysis and propensity score analysis</span></h2>
<h2 class="head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix" id="__sec3title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(151, 176, 200); color: #985735; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1111em; margin: 1.125em 0px 0px; min-height: 0px;">
Notes about odds ratio</h2>
</div>
<br />
Odds ratio is a relative risk, a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The odds ratio is calculated using the number of case-patients who did or did not have exposure to a (confounding) factor and the number of controls who did or did not have the exposure. The odds ratio tells us how<br />
much higher the odds of exposure are among case-patients than among controls.<br />
<br />
Suppose 200 persons attended a buffet dinner and 55 attendees became ill after it. We asked everyone to describe what they ate (this is called a case-control study since we compared those with outcome of interest with those who did not have the outcome). 53 of 54 case-patients and 33 of 40 controls mentioned lettuce in their report. The odds of getting sick from lettuce were O1 = 53/33 and the odds of getting sick without eating lettuce was O2 = 1/7, hence the odds ratio for lettuce was about 11.2 (O1/O2)<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">a = number of persons exposed and with disease 53</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">b = number of persons exposed but without disease 33</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">c = number of persons unexposed but with disease 1</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">d = number of persons unexposed and without disease 7 </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">a+c = total number of persons with disease (case-patients) 54</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">b+d = total number of persons without disease (controls) 40</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">a/b divided by c/d = a*d/b*c 53*7/33 = 11.2</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<br />
Here are real life scenarios from our <a href="https://aurametrix.com/Studies/mebo-microbiome">microbiome study</a>:<br />
<a href="https://aurametrix.com/blog/age.html">Age - a truly confounding variable?</a><br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
REFERENCES<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Jager KJ, Zoccali C, Macleod A, Dekker FW. Confounding: what it is and how to deal with it. Kidney international. 2008 Feb 1;73(3):256-60.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Rasmussen SH, Ludeke S, Hjelmborg JV. A major limitation of the direction of causation model: Non-shared environmental confounding. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 2019 Feb;22(1):14-26.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Jing S. A Study on Causal Discovery Considering Confounders.</span></span><br />
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Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-12379060732459934322019-08-14T20:12:00.002-07:002019-08-16T10:38:01.005-07:00Friends and Stars<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">reproduced from <a href="https://aurametrix.com/blog/friends.html">Aurametrix blog</a></span></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://aurametrix.com/images/Studies/StarsandNot.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; clear: right; color: #0084b4; float: right; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="593" height="180" src="https://aurametrix.com/images/Studies/StarsandNot.png" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Over hundred people agreed to participate in our study. Half of them went through all the <a href="https://aurametrix.com/Studies/mebo-microbiome.html" style="border: 0px; color: #0084b4; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">steps</a> and let us see results of all their test kits (last digits of their IDs are listed next to the image of a star with thumbs up). Over a dozen submitted <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeismparQx3FZdGvWEbkAeslAkAvXcanASJ9E_LvErnRKjyrg/viewform">questionnaire</a> with one or two samples - which was also very helpful. And almost half did not do anything (listed next to the red thumbs down sign). We understand that unforeseeable things happen, and </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;">commitments may be difficult to fulfill. Still, it is worth to look if there is anything in common among those who did not submit samples and QoL questionnaires. Were those mostly our "new friends"? </span></div>
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<a href="https://aurametrix.com/images/Studies/CompletionvsRegistration.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="180" src="https://aurametrix.com/images/Studies/CompletionvsRegistration.png" width="320" /></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;">The answer is kind of, but it's not that simple. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: center;">The figure shows when participants of our trial were registered with MEBO - before or after the first stages of our uBiome study. Percentage of those who did not return any samples was 30% for those who participated in prior MEBO activities vs 40% </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: center;">for newly signed individuals</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: center;">. (The ratio of our Study "Stars" vs those who did not return the kits to those who returned all kits and answered associated QoL questions was 60% for "old friends" vs 80% for "new friends"). </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Yet, the figure shows that "stars" (green circles) and "no-shows" (red squares) tend to "cluster", and possibly associate together. Perhaps a</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ssociations are indicators of the values we value? Show me your true friends and I'll tell you who you are?</span><br />
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">REFERENCES</span><br />
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<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Al-Hamadi H, Chen R. Trust-based decision making for health IoT systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2017 Aug 4;4(5):1408-19.</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Guo J, Chen R, Tsai JJ. A survey of trust computation models for service management in internet of things systems. Computer Communications. 2017 Jan 1;97:1-4.</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Ahmed AI, Ab Hamid SH, Gani A, Khan MK. Trust and reputation for Internet of Things: Fundamentals, taxonomy, and open Research Challenges. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 2019 Jul 26:102409.</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Tang R, Lu L, Zhuang Y, Fong S. Not every friend on a social network can be trusted: an online trust indexing algorithm. In2012 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology 2012 Dec 4 (Vol. 3, pp. 280-285). IEEE.</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Arulselvi AC, Sendhilkumar S, Mahalakshmi GS. Provenance based Trust computation for Recommendation in Social Network. InProceedings of the International Conference on Informatics and Analytics 2016 Aug 25 (p. 114). ACM.</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Sherchan W, Nepal S, Paris C. A survey of trust in social networks. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR). 2013 Aug 1;45(4):47.</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span>
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Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-3790710083026472042019-04-01T17:19:00.000-07:002019-05-12T04:42:49.457-07:00Technologies you wish existed: April 1 2019<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Science fiction stories and April fool jokes often describe speculative technology we wish existed in our world. Were there such devices in today's fake news announcements?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">April 1st stories of 2019 were feebler than in previous years, focusing on gaming, pets and various small conveniences...</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"></span><a href="https://aurametrix.com/blog/technologies-you-wish-existed-april-1-2019.html" style="background-color: white; color: #674ea7; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3ENzMlOIeRk/V-dc5uAHejI/AAAAAAAABnw/Z-44hh0huUc3G7VBwdvvsqC-t-GXCZbwQCLcB/s1600/482519473.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.098) 1px 1px 5px; color: #ff3300; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-759902279787490154.post-42552155184212118242018-06-27T21:53:00.000-07:002018-06-28T08:43:46.971-07:00MEBO and PATM microbiomes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Preliminary microbiome results showed striking differences between those with active MEBO/PATM compared to those who learned to control the condition. PATM is characterized by especially low microbial diversity and instability:<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--uR2IgO3Hs0/WzRfHMAq7lI/AAAAAAAAB9g/wCY4AvU_74Ew9VP3_qp2fjTxsJbkMJSmACLcBGAs/s1600/Diversity.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--uR2IgO3Hs0/WzRfHMAq7lI/AAAAAAAAB9g/wCY4AvU_74Ew9VP3_qp2fjTxsJbkMJSmACLcBGAs/s640/Diversity.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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In order to understand what microbial changes help to regain control of MEBO and PATM, we need to collect multiple samples from the same individuals - in their most different conditions. Those with <a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jNjSI6tdcYQ/WySofR-yxTI/AAAAAAAAB70/QNHV3yTdBHQlU0T22fgrhxOiAnETsCb_gCLcBGAs/s1600/Active.PNG">active state</a>, are asked to collect their first sample when they are experiencing symptoms, submit the questionnaire and follow our recommendations to minimize their symptoms. Those in <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tF4o96_WE-4/WySomdo2HeI/AAAAAAAAB74/6LNPjlSaz_I--YIFUueSL8_OsN6SOv26gCLcBGAs/s1600/Remission.PNG">remission</a>, will start from one of their best days and wait until symptoms reoccur.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oxrmJReV1Nw/WzRog2xc4kI/AAAAAAAAB94/oe1So-2i55Yvzo-Jx-YtHFepiLpZ0ZO2QCLcBGAs/s1600/Clusters.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oxrmJReV1Nw/WzRog2xc4kI/AAAAAAAAB94/oe1So-2i55Yvzo-Jx-YtHFepiLpZ0ZO2QCLcBGAs/s640/Clusters.png" width="640" /></a></div>
In this figure, we show how preliminary uBiome data donated by MEBO and PATM sufferers (red dots) compare to each other and to microbiomes of healthy controls (green dots).<br />
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Stay tuned for further updates!</div>
Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com2