| Food Component |
| Examples |
| If too little |
| Upper and lower limits |
| If too much |
| Links |
|
| Dietary Protein |
| ~105 types |
| • allergies |
| 7%-40% of total calories7%-40% of total calories (0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight) |
| • stomach upsets |
| • FDA daily reference values, 4-2008 |
| Albumin |
| • poor recovery from physical stress |
|
| • dehydration |
| • FDA recommended healthy diet |
| Avidin
|
| • difficulty sleeping |
|
| • bad breath/body odor |
| • Daily Values for Children |
| Casein |
| • fatty liver |
|
| • gout |
| • Protein supplements for weight training |
| EF-hand protein |
|
|
|
| • calcium loss |
| • Best proteins for muscle growth |
| Tropomyosin |
|
|
|
| • damage to the liver and kidneys. |
| • Promax Pros and Cons |
| Whey |
|
|
|
| • reduced endurance |
| • Rice Protein Guide |
| XB15
Plant enzymes |
|
|
|
|
|
| • Spirulina Side Effects |
|
| Dietary Carbohydrate |
| ~102 types |
| • nausea |
| 40%-60% of total calories |
| • fatigue |
|
|
| o Monosaccharides (Fructose, Glucose, Galactose) |
| • fatigue, dizziness |
|
| • increased hyperactivity |
| • Low-carb diets may hamper memory |
| o Disaccharides (Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose) |
| • feeling frustration |
|
| • tooth decay |
| • Clinical Nutrition Journal article on too much carbs in diet |
| o Oligosaccharides (Raffinose, Stachyose) |
| • light-headedness |
|
| • heart disease |
| • PloS Genetics article on why too much sugar decreases lifespan |
| o Polysaccharides (starch, dietary fiber, mucilage) |
| • tiredness |
|
| • type 2 diabetes |
| • Dr. McDougall’s Money-Saving Medical Advice |
| o Nucleotides |
| • gout |
|
| • yeast infections |
| • Fat No More by Sandra Prior |
|
|
| • bad breath, odor of alcohol |
|
| • candida overgrowth |
|
|
|
|
| • headache |
|
| • digestive problems |
|
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| • kidney stones |
|
| • asthma |
|
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|
| • ketosis (muscle wasting), blood acidosis |
|
| • osteoporosis |
|
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| • kidney disease |
|
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| • liver disease |
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| • obesity |
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| • depression |
|
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| Dietary Lipid (Fat) |
| ~103 types, examples of classes found in food: |
| • Hair falling out |
| 15-35 of total calories
|
| • Coronary Heart Disease |
| • MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Fat |
| saturated fatty acids |
| • Hair loosing luster and sheen |
|
| • Diabetes |
| • Diet Bites |
| monosaturated fatty acids |
| • Nails becoming brittle, hard and curly |
|
| • Cancers |
| • NY Times article |
| polyunsaturated fatty acids |
| • Vital organs lacking cushion |
|
| • Gallstones |
|
|
| cholesterol |
| • Difficulties to maintain body temperature |
|
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|
| phospholipids |
|
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| Water |
|
|
| • Thirst |
| 2 qts-10 liters (2-3 liters), ~volume of excreted fluid |
| • blurred vision |
| • Too Much Water Can Kill |
|
|
| • Loss of Appetite |
|
| • muscle cramps |
| • Water intoxication |
|
|
| • Dry Skin |
|
| • confusion |
| • Dehydration |
|
|
| • Skin Flushing |
|
| • seizures |
|
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|
|
| • Dark Colored Urine |
|
| • coma |
|
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|
| • Dry Mouth |
|
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|
| • Fatique or Weakness |
|
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| • Chills |
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| • Head Rushes |
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| ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Dietary Minerals |
| Potassium |
| • elevated blood pressure
• cardiac arrhythmias,
• muscular weakness
• myalgia
• muscle cramps
• constipation
• flaccid paralysis
• hyporeflexia
• tetany |
| 3,500 mg |
| • malaise,
• palpitations
• muscle weakness
• cardiac arrhythmia
• sudden death. |
| • Low Potassium Diet Recipes |
| Chloride |
| Sweating, tremor, anxiety, tachycardia, hunger, dizziness, reduced mental acuity, visual abnormalities, convulsions and loss of consciousness |
| 3,400 mg |
| Kussmaul's breathing, weakness, intense thirst. |
|
|
| Sodium |
| Increased risk of heart attack, Swelling of the brain |
| 1000-
2300mg (2,400mg) |
| lethargy, weakness, irritability, edema, seizures, coma |
| • Dietary minerals |
| Calcium |
| Off spots, rashes, tingling and parasthesia, spasms, hyperactive tendon reflexes, cardiac arrhythmias |
| 1 gram
(1.2g if 50+) |
| fatigue, depression, confusion, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, pancreatitis or increased urination |
| • Medical Encyclopedia: Poisoning |
| Phosphorus |
| Muscle dysfunction and weakness, irritability, gross confusion, delirium, coma, worsening of infections, rhabdomyolysis, hemolytic anemia. |
| 700 mg-1,000 mg
|
| ectopic calcification, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and renal osteodystrophy |
|
|
| Magnesium |
| Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, Vitamin K deficiency, depressed immunity, depression, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, increased levels of stress, insomnia, fasciculation, migraine, cancer, ADHD, asthma, Restless Leg Syndrome, and allergies |
| Women: 310-320 mg
Men: 400-420 mg
|
| Weakness, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, Impaired breathing, Hypotension, Hypocalcemia, Arrhythmia and Asystole |
| Magnesium - the stress buster |
| Zinc |
| hair loss, skin lesions, diarrhea, wasting of body tissues. Damage of eyesight, taste, sense of smell and memory, acne. Leukonychia (white spots on the fingernails), dysmenorrhea |
| 15 mg (30mg) |
| "zinc chills", Vomiting, Diarrhea, Drowsiness |
|
|
| Iron |
| fatigue, pallor, irritability, weakness, pica, brittle or grooved nails, painful atrophy of the mucous membrane covering the tongue, the pharynx and the oesophagus, impaired immune function |
| 18 mg |
| Fatigue, Weakness, Weight loss, Joint pain, Abdominal pain; Arthritis, Symptoms of Gonadal failure, Dyspnea or shortness of breath |
|
iron overload |
| Manganese |
| Ataxia, fainting, hearing loss, weak tendons and ligaments; skeletal deformations, delayed wound healing |
| 2mg
2.3 mg (tolerable: 11 mg) |
| tremors, odd movements, a mask–like face, and body stiffness; hallucinations, confusion, and memory loss. |
| How much is too much? |
| Copper |
| spasticity, severe gait abnormalities including ataxia, and a neuropathy. |
| 900 µg |
| mild headaches, lightheadedness, convulsions, palsy, and insensibility |
|
|
| Iodine |
| Fatigue, Thyroid disease, Breast, ovarian, and skin cysts, poor digestion, Dementia, Glaucoma, Parkinson's; Deafness in children of iodine defficient mothers |
| 150 µg |
| burning in the mouth, throat and stomach and/or abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dirarrhea, weak pulse, and coma |
|
|
| Selenium |
| extreme fatigue, hyperthyroidism, mental slowing, goitre, cretinism and recurrent miscarriage |
| 55-70 µg |
| hair loss , tenderness and swelling on the fingertip, garlic breath/body odor |
|
|
| Molybdenum |
| combined enzyme deficiency, severe neurological abnormalities, dislocated ocular lenses, mental retardation, increased urinary excretion of sulfite, thiosulfate, S-sulfocysteine, taurine, hypoxanthine and xanthine, and reduced serum and urine levels of sulfate and urate |
| 45 µg |
| Cough, phlegm, shortness of breath, wheeze. Rhinitis, eye irritation., acute anemia |
|
|
| Cobalt |
| loss of appetite, emaciation, weakness, anemia |
| 5-40 µg |
| Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath.Dry skin, Redness, Abdominal pain, Vomiting |
|
|
| Nickel |
|
|
| up to 1 mg |
| decreased body weight, heart and liver damage, and skin irritation |
|
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|
| ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Vitamins |
| Betaine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Carotene, alpha |
|
|
| lung cancer
in smokers |
|
|
| • Vitamin overdose |
|
| Carotene, beta |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| • Multiple vitamin overdose |
|
| Choline |
|
|
| <3.5g> |
|
|
| • L-Carnitine Side Effects |
|
| Cryptoxanthin, beta |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Folate, DFE, Folic acid , Vitamin B9, folacin |
|
|
|
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|
|
| Lutein, zeaxanthin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lycopene |
|
|
| unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
| Niacin |
|
|
| 14-16mg
(20 mg tolerable) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pantothenic acid |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Retinol |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Riboflavin (B2) |
|
|
| 1.1-1.3mg |
|
|
|
|
|
| Thiamin (B1) |
|
|
| Women: 1.1 mg
Men: 1.2 mg (<1.5>
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Vitamin A |
|
|
| 700-900 mcg
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Vitamin B-12 |
|
|
|
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| Vitamin B-6 |
|
|
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| Vitamin Bt (L-carnitine) |
|
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|
|
| Vitamin C, ascorbic acid |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) |
| Hemorrhage
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Vitamin K (phylloquinone) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
| AMINO ACIDS |
| Alanine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| • Amino Acid Supplements |
| Arginine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| • Maximuscle Promax |
| Asparagine |
|
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|
|
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| Aspartic acid |
|
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| Cysteine |
|
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| Glutamic acid |
|
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| Glutamine |
|
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| Glycine |
|
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| Histidine |
|
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| Isoleucine |
|
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| Leucine |
|
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| Lysine |
|
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| Methionine |
|
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| Phenylalanine |
|
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| Proline |
|
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| Serine |
|
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| Threonine |
|
|
|
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|
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| Tryptophan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tyrosine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Valine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| __________________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Probiotics |
| 10 genera, ~103 strains |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| • Webmd on Probiotics |
| Bacteroides sp. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| • Wikipedia on Probiotics |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 (Align_, could help IBS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 (available in Yo-Plus yogurt, LiveActive cheese). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| • Chronic fatigue |
| Bifidobacterium lactis HN019. good for older people |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lactobacillus sp. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 plus Lactobicillus casei Lbc80r (available as BioK + CL1285 fermented milk, BioK + CL1285 soy milk, and capsules). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 (in DanActive products). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 (in DanActive products). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lactobacillus plantarum 299V (NextFoods, Ferring) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC55730 (available in BioGaia Gut Health products). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) (in Danimals drinkable yogurt and Culturelle capsules). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) (in Danimals drinkable yogurt and Culturelle capsules). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| S. cerevisiae (S. boulardii) (Florastor powder and Lalflor capsules). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Polyphenols |
| Hydrolyzable tannins (gallic acid esters of glucose and other sugars) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| • Herbal Teas |
| Phenylpropanoids |
| Lignins |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Flavonoids |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| Condensed tannins |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Other Bioactive Food and Drink Compounds |
| Allyl-S compound |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Caffeine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Capsaicinoid |
|
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| Coumarin |
|
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|
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| Coumestan |
|
|
|
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|
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| Dietary Alcohol |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dietary Ash |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| • Food Ash Charts |
| Hydroxybenzoic Acid |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Indole |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Isothiocyanate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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| Retinoid |
|
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|
|
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| Tannin |
|
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| Terpane |
|
|
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| Theobromine |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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| Tocopherol |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tocotrienol |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |